Ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kuyinkqubo yokususa imathiriyeli kwindawo yokusebenza ngexesha lokubamba kugqityiwe ukunyamezelana. Umatshini ochanekileyo uneentlobo ezininzi, kubandakanya ukugaya, ukujika kunye nokuchithwa kombane. Umatshini ochanekileyo namhlanje ulawulwa ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa iComputer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Phantse zonke iimveliso zesinyithi zisebenzisa ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo, njengoko kusenziwa nezinye izinto ezinjengeplastiki kunye neenkuni. Aba matshini basebenza ngoochwephesha abaziingcali nabaqeqeshiweyo. Ukuze isixhobo sokusika senze umsebenzi waso, kufuneka sihanjiswe kumkhombandlela ochaziweyo ukwenza ukusika okuchanekileyo. Esi sisindululo sokuqala sibizwa ngokuba "sisantya sokusika." Isixhobo esisebenzayo sinokuhanjiswa, esaziwa njengesiqhelo sesibini se "feed." Ngokudibeneyo, ezi ntshukumo kunye nobukhali besixhobo sokusika zivumela umatshini wokuchaneka ukuba usebenze.
Ukuchaneka komgangatho ngokuchanekileyo kufuna ukubanakho ukulandela iiplani ezithile ezenziwe yi-CAD (uyilo oluncedwayo lwekhompyuter) okanye iinkqubo ze-CAM (ezincedisayo zokwenza ikhompyuter) njenge-AutoCAD kunye neTurboCAD. Isoftware inokunceda ukuvelisa ubunzima, imizobo emi-3 okanye ucwangciso olufunekayo ukuze kuveliswe isixhobo, umatshini okanye into. Olu luhlu kufuneka lulandelwe ngeenkcukacha ezinkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso igcina ukuthembeka kwayo. Ngelixa iinkampani ezininzi zobuchwephesha ezichanekileyo zisebenza nohlobo oluthile lweenkqubo zeCAD / CAM, zisasebenza rhoqo ngemizobo eyenziwe ngesandla kwizigaba zokuqala zoyilo.
Precision machining isetyenziswa kwizinto ezininzi kubandakanya isinyithi, ubhedu, i-graphite, iglasi kunye neeplastikhi ukubala ezimbalwa. Kuxhomekeke kubungakanani beprojekthi kunye nezinto eziza kusetyenziswa, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchaneka ziya kusetyenziswa. Naluphi na udibaniso lwelathes, oomatshini bokugaya, oomatshini bokuprinta, iisarha kunye neentsimbi, kunye neerobhothi ezikhawulezayo zinokusetyenziswa. Umzi mveliso we-aerospace unokusebenzisa ubuchwephese obuninzi besantya, ngelixa ishishini elenza izixhobo zomthi lisenokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-photo-chemical etching kunye neenkqubo zokugaya. Ukuphuma ubaleka, okanye inani elithile layo nayiphi na into ethile, unokubala amawaka, okanye ube mbalwa. Ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kuhlala kufuna inkqubo yezixhobo ze-CNC oko kuthetha ukuba zilawulwa ngokwamanani ekhompyuter. Isixhobo se-CNC sivumela ubungakanani obuchanekileyo ekufuneka bulandelwe kuyo yonke imveliso.
Wokugaya yinkqubo machining yokusebenzisa bezijikelezi rotary ukususa izinto ukusuka workpiece ngokuqhubela phambili (okanye ukondla) mgawuli ibe workpiece kwicala elithile. I-cutter nayo inokubanjwa kwi-engile ehambelana ne-axis yesixhobo. Wokugaya kugubungela iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo noomatshini, kwizikali ezisuka kwiindawo ezincinci ukuya kwezinkulu, imisebenzi enzima yemigulukudu. Le yenye yeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo machining iindawo siko ngqo nokumelana.
Ukugaya kunokwenziwa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zomatshini. Udidi lokuqala lwezixhobo zomatshini wokugaya yayingumatshini wokugaya (owawubizwa ngokuba ngumgubo wokugaya). Emva kokufika kolawulo lwamanani lwekhompyuter (i-CNC), oomatshini bokugaya bavela baba ngamaziko oomatshini: oomatshini bokugaya bongezwe ngabatshintshi besixhobo esizenzekelayo, iimagazini zezixhobo okanye iicarousels, amandla e-CNC, iinkqubo zesipholisi, kunye nezivalelweyo. Amaziko okugaya ngokubanzi ahlelwa njengeziko lokumisa nkqo (VMCs) okanye amaziko okuchwetheza athe tye (HMCs).
Umdibaniso wokugaya ube ziindawo eziguqukayo, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, kuqalwe ngesixhobo esiphilayo se-lathes kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamatye okusila ngokuguqula imisebenzi. Oku kukhokelele kwiklasi entsha yezixhobo zoomatshini, oomatshini abaninzi beemaski (MTMs), ezakhelwe injongo yokuququzelela ukugaya nokujika ngaphakathi kwemvulophu efanayo yomsebenzi.
Iinjineli zoyilo, amaqela e-R & D, kunye nabavelisi abaxhomekeke kwinxalenye yokufumana, ukuchaneka kwe-CNC ngomatshini kuvumela ukwenziwa kwamalungu anzima ngaphandle kokuqhubekeka. Ngapha koko, ukuchaneka kwe-CNC ngokuchanekileyo kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuba iinxalenye ezigqityiweyo zenziwe kumatshini omnye.
Inkqubo yokwenza izinto isusa izinto kwaye isebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zokusika ukwenza okokugqibela, kwaye kuhlala kunzima kakhulu, uyilo lwenxalenye. Inqanaba lokuchaneka liyandiswa ngokusetyenziswa kolawulo lwamanani lwekhompyuter (i-CNC), esetyenziselwa ukuzenzekelayo ulawulo lwezixhobo zoomatshini.
Indima ye "CNC" ku machining ngqo
Sebenzisa imiyalelo yenkqubo enekhowudi, ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kwe-CNC kuvumela ukuba umsebenzi usikwe kwaye ubunjwe kubuchwephesha ngaphandle kongenelelo ngesandla somqhubi womatshini.
Ukuthatha uyilo oluncedwayo lwekhompyuter (i-CAD) olunikezwe ngumthengi, ingcali yegcisa isebenzisa isoftware yokuncedisa ikhompyuter (i-CAM) ukwenza imiyalelo yokulungisa inxenye. Ngokusekwe kwimodeli yeCAD, isoftware inquma ukuba zeziphi iindlela zendlela eziyimfuneko kwaye ivelise ikhowudi yenkqubo exelela umatshini:
■ Zithini ii-RPM ezichanekileyo kunye neereyithi zokutya
■ Xa usisusa phi isixhobo kwaye / okanye isixhobo sokwenza umsebenzi
■ Kunzulu kangakanani ukusika
■ Ukufaka isicelo nini njengesipholisi
■ Naziphi na ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nesantya, ukutya, kunye nokulungelelanisa
Umlawuli we-CNC usebenzisa ikhowudi yokuprinta ukulawula, ukuzenzekelayo, kunye nokujonga ukuhamba komatshini.
Namhlanje, i-CNC yinto eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo, ukusuka kwi-lathes, kwi-mills, nakwii-routers ukuya kwi-wire EDM (ukukhutshwa kombane), i-laser, kunye noomatshini bokucheba i-plasma. Ukongeza kwi-automating inkqubo kunye nokwenza ngcono ukuchaneka, i-CNC ishenxisa imisebenzi yesandla kwaye ikhulule oomatshini bokulawula oomatshini abaninzi abasebenza ngaxeshanye.
Ukongeza, nje ukuba isixhobo sendlela siyilelwe kwaye umatshini ucwangcisiwe, unokuqhuba nenxalenye yamaxesha. Oku kunika inqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka nokuphindeka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inkqubo ibize kakhulu kwaye isebenze.
Izinto ezenziwe ngomshini
Ezinye izinyithi eziqhelekileyo zenziwe ngealuminium, ubhedu, ubhedu, ubhedu, isinyithi, titanium, kunye ne-zinc. Ukongeza, iinkuni, amagwebu, ifayibha, kunye neeplastiki ezinjenge polypropylene nazo zinokulungiswa.
Ngapha koko, malunga nayo nayiphi na into inokusetyenziswa ngokuchaneka kwe-CNC machining- ewe, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zayo.
Ezinye izibonelelo zokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kwe-CNC
Uninzi lwamalungu amancinci kunye nezinto ezisetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezenziweyo, ukuchaneka kwe-CNC machining kuhlala kuyindlela yokuzikhethela.
Njengokuba kunjalo kuzo zonke iindlela zokusika kunye nokwenza izinto, izinto ezahlukeneyo ziziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo, kwaye ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwecandelo nako kunefuthe elikhulu kwinkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi inkqubo yokuchaneka kwe-CNC ngomatshini inika izibonelelo ngaphezulu kwezinye iindlela zokwenza machining.
Kungenxa yokuba i-CNC machining iyakwazi ukuhambisa:
■ Inqanaba eliphezulu lokuntsokotha kwenxalenye
■ Ukunyamezelana okungagungqiyo, okususela ku-± 0.0002 "(± 0.00508 mm) ukuya ku- ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ Ukugqitywa kokugqitywa komphezulu, kubandakanya ukugqitywa kwesiko
■ Ukuphindaphinda, nokuba kungumthamo omkhulu
Ngelixa ingcibi enamachule ingasebenzisa isixhobo sokwenza umatshini ngokwenza into esemgangathweni kubungakanani be-10 okanye i-100, kwenzeka ntoni xa ufuna iinxalenye ezili-1? Amawaka 10,000? I-100,000 okanye isigidi seengxenye?
Ngokuchaneka kwe-CNC machining, ungafumana isikali kunye nesantya esifunekayo kolu hlobo lwemveliso yevolumu ephezulu. Ukongeza, ukuphindaphinda okuphezulu kokuchaneka kwe-CNC kukunika iinxalenye ezifanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni, nokuba ungazivelisa kangakanani.
Kukho iindlela ezithile ezikhethekileyo ze-CNC machining, kubandakanya i-EDM yocingo (ukukhutshwa kombane), umatshini wokudibanisa kunye nokushicilelwa kwe-3D laser. Umzekelo, ucingo lwe-EDM lusebenzisa izinto eziqhubayo-ngokwesinyithi- kunye nezinto ezikhutshiweyo zombane ukonakalisa indawo yokusebenza kwiimilo ezinzima.
Nangona kunjalo, apha siza kugxila kwiinkqubo zokugaya kunye nokujika-iindlela ezimbini zokuthabatha ezifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuchaneka kwe-CNC ngokuchanekileyo.
Milling vs. ukujika
Wokugaya yinkqubo machining esebenzisa ujikelezisa, cylindrical ukusika isixhobo ukususa izinto kunye nokwenza iimilo. Izixhobo zokugaya, ezaziwa njengelitye lokusila okanye iziko loomatshini, zifezekisa indalo yejometri eziyinxalenye entsonkothileyo kwezinye zezinto ezinkulu ezenziwe ngomatshini.
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lokugaya kukuba into yokusebenza ihlala imile ngelixa isixhobo sokusika sijikeleza. Ngamanye amagama, kwilitye lokusila, isixhobo sokusika esijikelezayo sihamba sijikeleza indawo yokusebenza, esime sihleli endaweni ebhedini.
Ukuguqula yinkqubo yokusika okanye yokubumba into yokusebenza kwizixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba lilitha. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-lathe ijikelezisa umsebenzi kwi-axis ethe nkqo okanye ethe tye ngelixa isixhobo sokusika esisigxina (esinokuthi okanye esingashukumiyo) sihamba ecaleni kwe-axis ecwangcisiweyo.
Isixhobo asikwazi ukuhamba ngokwenxalenye yendawo. Izinto ziyajikeleza, zivumela isixhobo ukuba senze imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo. (Kukho iseti yamatyathanga apho izixhobo zijikeleza khona ucingo olondliwe nge-spool, nangona kunjalo, olungagutyungelwanga apha.)
Ekujikeni, ngokungafaniyo nokugaya, umsebenzi ujikeleza. Isitokhwe senxalenye sijikela kwisixhobo sokuphotha se-lathe kunye nesixhobo sokusika sidityaniswe nendawo yokusebenza.
Incwadana yemigaqo ngokuchasene ne-CNC
Ngelixa omabini amatye okusila kunye neelayiti zifumaneka kwiimodeli zemanyuwali, oomatshini be-CNC bafaneleke ngakumbi ukulungiselela iinxalenye ezincinci zokuvelisa-ezinikezela ukungahambelani kunye nokuphindeka kwezicelo ezifuna ukuveliswa kwevolumu ephezulu yamalungu anyamezelayo.
Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngoomatshini be-2-axis elula apho isixhobo sihamba kwii-X kunye ne-Z, izixhobo ezichanekileyo ze-CNC zibandakanya iimodeli ezininzi ze-axis apho indawo yokusebenza inokuhamba nayo. Oku kuthelekiswa nendawo apho indawo yokusebenza inqongophele ekujikelezeni kwaye izixhobo ziya kuhamba ukwenza ijiyometri oyifunayo.
Oluqwalaselo lwee-axis ezininzi luvumela ukuveliswa kwejometri ezintsonkothileyo ekusebenzeni kube kanye, ngaphandle kokufuna umsebenzi owongezelelweyo ngumqhubi womatshini. Oku akwenzi kube lula ukuvelisa izinto ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa kunciphisa okanye kususe ithuba lempazamo yomqhubi.
Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwesipholisi soxinzelelo oluphezulu ngokuchaneka kwe-CNC kuqinisekisa ukuba iichips azingeni kwimisebenzi, nokuba zisebenzisa umatshini onesiphatho esime nkqo.
Imizi-mveliso ye-CNC
Oomatshini bokugaya abohlukeneyo bahluka ngokobungakanani babo, ulungelelwaniso lwe-axis, amaxabiso okutya, isantya sokusika, ulwalathiso lokugaya ukutya, kunye nezinye izinto.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, i-CNC yamatye onke asebenzisa i-spindle ejikelezayo ukusika izinto ezingafunekiyo. Zisetyenziselwa ukusika iintsimbi ezilukhuni ezinje ngentsimbi kunye neetanium kodwa zingasetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezinjengeplastiki kunye nealuminium.
Iintsimbi ze-CNC zenzelwe ukuphindeka kwaye zinokusetyenziselwa yonke into ukusuka prototyping ukuya kwimveliso yevolumu ephezulu. High-isiphelo ngqo CNC zokugaya zidla ngokusetyenziselwa umsebenzi tight ukunyamezelana ezifana wokugaya ifa ocoliweyo kunye ngumngundo.
Ngelixa i-CNC yokugaya inokuhambisa ngokukhawuleza, njengokugqibezela okungqushiweyo kwenza iindawo ezinamanqaku abonakalayo esixhobo. Inokuvelisa iinxalenye ezinemiphetho ebukhali kunye neebreyithi, ke iinkqubo ezongeziweyo zinokufuneka ukuba imiphetho kunye neebreyithi zamkelekile kwezi mpawu.
Ewe izixhobo ezi-deburring ezilungiselelwe ngokulandelelana ziya kuthi ziphume, nangona zihlala ziphumeza i-90% yemfuno egqityiweyo ubukhulu becala, ishiya ezinye izinto zokugqibezela ngesandla.
Malunga nokugqitywa komphezulu, kukho izixhobo ezingazukuvelisa kuphela isiphelo esamkelekileyo, kodwa nesipili esifana nesipili kumacandelo emveliso yomsebenzi.
Iindidi zokusila kwe-CNC
Ezi ndidi zimbini zisisiseko zoomatshini bokugaya zaziwa njengeziko lokumisa nkqo kunye namaziko okuchwetheza ethe tye, apho umahluko ophambili kukuziqhelanisa nothango lomatshini.
Indawo yokulinganisa ngokuthe nkqo lilitye lokusila apho i-axis spindle ilungelelaniswe kwicala le-Z-axis. Aba matshini bathe nkqo banokwahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini:
■ Iityile zokusila, apho othini ushukuma ngokungqamene ne-axis yayo ngelixa itheyibhile ishukuma ngokuthe ngqo kwi-axis ye-othini
■ Iityuli zokusila, apho isixhobo sokuma simi khona kunye netafile ishukunyiswa ukwenzela ukuba ihlale i-perpendicular kwaye ihambelana ne-axis spindle ngexesha lokusika
Kwiziko lokuchwetheza elithe tyaba, i-axis spindle axis ilungelelaniswe kwicala le-Y-axis. Isakhiwo esithe tyaba sithetha ukuba ezi zigayo zithatha indawo enkulu kumgangatho wevenkile yomatshini; zikwanobunzima ngokubanzi ngokubanzi kwaye zinamandla ngakumbi kunoomatshini abathe nkqo.
Ilitye lokusila elithe tyaba lihlala lisetyenziswa xa kufuneka umphezulu wokugqiba ngaphezulu; Kungenxa yokuba ulwalathiso lwesiphunguli kuthetha ukuba iichips zokusika ngokwendalo ziyawa kwaye zisuswe ngokulula. (Njengenzuzo eyongeziweyo, ukususwa kakuhle kwe-chip kunceda ekwandiseni ubomi besixhobo.)
Ngokubanzi, amaziko machining nkqo zixhaphake kakhulu kuba banokuba namandla nje amaziko machining tye kwaye ingaphatha iindawo ezincinane kakhulu. Ukongeza, amaziko athe nkqo anendawo encinci yonyawo kunamaziko okuchwetheza athe tye.
Izinto zokugaya ze-CNC ezininzi
Precision CNC amaziko okusila ziyafumaneka kunye nezamazembe ezininzi. I-3-axis mill isebenzisa i-X, Y, kunye ne-Z i-axes kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ngelitye lokusila eline-4-axis, umatshini unokujikeleza kwi-axis ethe nkqo kunye ethe tye kwaye uhambise indawo yokusebenza ukuze uvumele ukwenza machining okuqhubekayo.
I-5-axis mill inee-axes ezintathu zemveli kunye nee-axes ezimbini ezongezelelweyo ezijikelezayo, ezenza ukuba umsebenzi ujikeleziswe xa intloko yokusonta ijikeleza. Oku kwenza ukuba amacala amahlanu e-workpiece akwazi ukulungiswa ngaphandle kokususa i-workpiece kunye nokusetha kabusha umatshini.
Lathes CNC
I-lathe-ekwabizwa ngokuba yindawo yokujika-inesiphimbo esinye okanye nangaphezulu, kunye nee-X kunye ne-Z axes. Lo matshini usetyenziselwa ukujikeleza into yokusebenza kwi-axis yayo ukwenza ukusika kunye nokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ukusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kwindawo yokusebenza.
CNC lathes, ekwabizwa ngokuba lathes action tooling tooling, ezilungele ukudala macala cylindrical okanye iindawo ukulenza. Njengokungqengqa kwe-CNC, i-CNC lathes iyakwazi ukuphatha imisebenzi emincinci efana neprototyping kodwa inokusetwa ukuphindaphinda okuphezulu, ukuxhasa imveliso yevolumu ephezulu.
Lathes CNC nazo zingacwangciselwa imveliso hands-free, nto leyo ebenza ukuba zisetyenziswe kakhulu ngoomatshini, elektroniki, aerospace, iirobhothi, kunye nezixhobo mveliso zonyango.
Indlela lathe CNC isebenza
Nge-lathe ye-CNC, ibha engenanto yezinto zesitokhwe zilayishwe kwi-chuck ye-spindle ye-lathe. Le chuck ibambe indawo yokusebenza ngelixa ujikelezisa isihluzi. Xa othini ifikelela isantya efunekayo, ukusika isixhobo ukusika umi wadibana workpiece ukususa izinto kunye ukuphumeza geometry echanekileyo.
Lathe CNC ungenza inani imisebenzi, ezifana ukubhola, umsonto, uyadika, reaming, ejongene, kunye nokujika taper. Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ifuna utshintsho lwezixhobo kwaye inokunyusa iindleko kunye nexesha lokuseta.
Xa yonke imisebenzi yoomatshini efunekayo igqityiwe, inxenye iyanqunyulwa kwisitokhwe ukuze iqhubekeke phambili, ukuba iyafuneka. I-lathe ye-CNC ilungele ukuphinda usebenze, kunye nexesha elincinci okanye elingenaxesha lokuseta elifunekayo phakathi.
CNC lathes nako ukulungiselela iindidi feeders bar oluzenzekelayo, leyo ukunciphisa isixa yokuphathwa ngesandla izinto ekrwada kunye nokubonelela eziluncedo ezifana oku kulandelayo:
■ Ukunciphisa ixesha kunye nomzamo ofunekayo kumqhubi womatshini
■ Xhasa i-barstock ukunciphisa ukungcangcazela okunokuchaphazela ngokuchaneka okungalunganga
■ Vumela isixhobo somatshini ukuba sisebenze ngesantya esiphezulu sokujija
■ Nciphisa amaxesha otshintsho
■ Nciphisa inkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo
Iindidi CNC lathes
Kukho inani leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi, kodwa ezona ziqhelekileyo zii-latis ezi-2 ze-CNC lathes kunye ne-China-style lathes lathes.
Uninzi lwe-CNC China lathes lisebenzisa enye okanye ezimbini eziphambili zokujija ngokudibanisa kunye okanye ezimbini ngasemva (okanye ezisekondari), ezinokudluliselwa ngokujikelezayo koxanduva lwangaphambili. Intonga yokuluka engundoqo yenza umsebenzi machining yokuqala, ngoncedo bushing sikhokelo.
Ukongeza, ezinye iitayile ze-China-style ziza zixhotyiswe ngesixhobo sesibini esisebenza njenge-CNC yokusila.
Nge lathe CNC China-oluzenzekelayo lathe, imathiriyeli imfuyo ukondliwa ngokusebenzisa sliding intloko othini ibe bushing isikhokelo. Oku kuvumela isixhobo ukusika umbandela kufutshane nendawo apho izinto zixhaswa khona, isenza umatshini wase China ube luncedo ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinde, ezibhityileyo eziguqukileyo kunye nokwenza micromachining.
Ii-axis ze-CNC zokujika kwamaziko kunye ne-China-style lathes inokufeza imisebenzi emininzi yokusebenzisa umatshini omnye. Oku kubenza babenokhetho olunendleko zejometri ezintsonkothileyo ezinokuthi zifuna oomatshini abaninzi okanye utshintsho lwezixhobo kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezinje ngesingqisho semveli seCCC.