I-Precision Machining yinkqubo yokususa izinto ezibonakalayo kwi-workpiece ngexesha lokubamba ukunyamezela ukugqiba.Umatshini ochanekileyo uneentlobo ezininzi, kuquka ukugaya, ukujika kunye nokukhutshwa kombane.Umatshini ochanekileyo namhlanje ulawulwa ngokubanzi usebenzisa iComputer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Phantse zonke iimveliso zentsimbi zisebenzisa umatshini ochanekileyo, njengoko zisenza ezinye izinto ezininzi njengeplastiki kunye neenkuni.Aba matshini baqhutywa ngoomatshini abakhethekileyo nabaqeqeshiweyo.Ukuze isixhobo sokusika senze umsebenzi waso, kufuneka sihanjiswe kwiindlela ezichazwe ukwenza ukusika okuchanekileyo.Esi sindululo sokuqala sibizwa ngokuba "yisantya sokusika."I-workpiece inokushukunyiswa, eyaziwa ngokuba yintshukumo yesibini ye "feed."Ngokudibeneyo, ezi ntshukumo kunye nokubukhali kwesixhobo sokusika kuvumela ukuba umatshini ochanekileyo usebenze.
Ubuchwephesha obuchanekileyo bomgangatho bufuna ukukwazi ukulandela iiplani ezicacileyo ezenziwe yiCAD (uyilo oluncediswa yikhompyuter) okanye iinkqubo zeCAM (ezincediswa yikhompyuter) njenge-AutoCAD kunye neTurboCAD.I-software inokunceda ukuvelisa i-complex, i-3-dimensional diagrams okanye inkcazo efunekayo ukwenzela ukuvelisa isixhobo, umatshini okanye into.Le migqaliselo kufuneka ilandelwe ngeenkcukacha ezinkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso igcina imfezeko yayo.Ngelixa uninzi lweenkampani ezichanekileyo zisebenza ngohlobo oluthile lweenkqubo zeCAD/CAM, zisasebenza rhoqo ngemizobo ezotywe ngesandla kwizigaba zokuqala zoyilo.
Umatshini ochanekileyo usetyenziswa kwizinto ezininzi ezibandakanya intsimbi, ubhedu, igraphite, iglasi kunye neeplastiki ukukhankanya ezimbalwa.Ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani beprojekthi kunye nezinto eziza kusetyenziswa, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchaneka ziya kusetyenziswa.Nayiphi na indibaniselwano yeeleyile, oomatshini bokungqusha, oomatshini bokucoca, iisarha kunye nezixhobo zokusila, kunye neerobhothi ezinesantya esiphezulu zinokusetyenziswa.Umzi-mveliso we-aerospace unokusebenzisa umatshini wesantya esiphezulu, ngelixa ishishini lokwenza izixhobo zamaplanga linokusebenzisa i-photo-chemical etching kunye neenkqubo zokusila.Ukuphuma ekubalekeni, okanye ubungakanani obuthile bayo nayiphi na into ethile, bunokuba ngamawaka, okanye bumbalwa nje.Ukuchaneka komatshini kaninzi kufuna ukucwangciswa kwezixhobo ze-CNC okuthetha ukuba zilawulwa ngokwamanani ekhompyutha.Isixhobo se-CNC sivumela ukuba imilinganiselo echanekileyo ilandelwe ngexesha lonke lemveliso.
I-Milling yinkqubo yomatshini wokusetyenziswa kwee-cutters ezijikelezayo ukususa izinto ezivela kwi-workpiece ngokuqhubela phambili (okanye ukondla) umsiki kwi-workpiece kwicala elithile.I-cutter ingabanjelwa kwi-engile ngokumalunga ne-axis yesixhobo.I-Milling ibandakanya imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyahlukeneyo kunye noomatshini, kwizikali ukusuka kwiindawo ezincinci ukuya kwiindawo ezinkulu, ezinzima zokugaya imigewu.Yenye yeenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ukwenza iinxalenye zesiko ukunyamezelwa okuchanekileyo.
Ukugaya kunokwenziwa ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zoomatshini.Udidi lokuqala lwezixhobo zoomatshini bokungqusha ibingumatshini wokungqusha (odla ngokubizwa ngokuba sisingqusho).Emva kokufika kolawulo lwamanani ekhompyuter (i-CNC), oomatshini bokugaya baguqukela kumaziko omatshini: oomatshini bokugaya abongezelelwe ngabaguquli bezixhobo ezizenzekelayo, iimagazini zesixhobo okanye ii-carousels, amandla e-CNC, iinkqubo zokupholisa, kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo.Amaziko okugaya ahlelwa ngokubanzi njengamaziko omatshini athe nkqo (VMCs) okanye amaziko omatshini atyebileyo (HMCs).
Ukudityaniswa kokugaya kwiindawo eziguqukayo, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo, kuqale ngezixhobo eziphilileyo zezixhobo zokusila kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamathuba athile okusila kwimisebenzi yokuguqula.Oku kwakhokelela kwiklasi entsha yezixhobo zoomatshini, oomatshini be-multitasking (MTMs), ezakhelwe injongo ukuququzelela ukugaya kunye nokujika ngaphakathi kwemvulophu yomsebenzi ofanayo.
Iinjineli zoyilo, amaqela e-R&D, kunye nabavelisi abaxhomekeke kwinxalenye yokukhangela, ukuchaneka kweCNC machining kuvumela ukuyilwa kwamacandelo anzima ngaphandle kokuqhubeka okongeziweyo.Ngapha koko, ukuchaneka komatshini weCNC kaninzi kwenza ukuba kukwazeke ukuba iindawo ezigqityiweyo zenziwe kumatshini omnye.
Inkqubo yokucoca isusa izinto kwaye isebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zokusika ukwenza idizayini yokugqibela, kwaye ihlala inzima kakhulu, yenxalenye.Inqanaba lokuchaneka liphuculwe ngokusetyenziswa kolawulo lwamanani ekhompyutheni (i-CNC), esetyenziselwa ukuzenzekelayo ukulawulwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza.
Indima ye "CNC" kumatshini ochanekileyo
Ukusebenzisa imiyalelo yeprogram eneekhowudi, ukuchaneka kweCNC machining ivumela i-workpiece ukuba inqunywe kwaye ibunjwe kwiinkcukacha ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla ngumqhubi womatshini.
Ukuthatha imodeli yoyilo oluncediswa yikhompyuter (i-CAD) enikezelwe ngumthengi, umchwephesha ochwephesha usebenzisa isoftware encediswa yikhompyuter (CAM) ukwenza imiyalelo yokwenza inxalenye.Ngokusekwe kwimodeli yeCAD, isoftware imisela ukuba zeziphi iindlela zesixhobo ezifunekayo kwaye ivelise ikhowudi yenkqubo exelela umatshini:
■ Zeziphi iiRPM ezichanekileyo kunye namazinga okutya
■ Sihanjiswa nini kwaye phi isixhobo kunye/okanye isixhobo sokusebenzela
■ Ubunzulu kangakanani ukusika
■ Ukufakwa nini isisipholisi
■ Naziphi na ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nesantya, izinga lokutya, kunye nolungelelwaniso
Umlawuli we-CNC ke usebenzisa ikhowudi yokucwangcisa ukulawula, ukuzenzekelayo, kunye nokubeka iliso kwiintshukumo zomatshini.
Namhlanje, i-CNC yinto eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yoluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo, ukusuka kwi-lathes, i-mills, kunye ne-routers ukuya kwi-EDM yocingo (i-electrical discharge machining), i-laser, kunye noomatshini bokusika i-plasma.Ukongeza kwi-automating inkqubo yomatshini kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka, i-CNC iphelisa imisebenzi yezandla kwaye ikhulula oomatshini ukuba bajonge oomatshini abaninzi abasebenzayo ngexesha elinye.
Ukongeza, xa umzila wesixhobo uyilwe kwaye umatshini ucwangcisiwe, unokuqhuba inxalenye naliphi na inani lamaxesha.Oku kubonelela ngenqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka kunye nokuphindaphinda, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inkqubo ibe neendleko eziphezulu kwaye inyuke.
Izinto ezenziwe ngoomatshini
Ezinye iintsimbi eziqhele ukwenziwa ngoomatshini ziquka i-aluminiyam, ubhedu, ubhedu, ubhedu, intsimbi, i-titanium, kunye nezinc.Ukongeza, iinkuni, igwebu, i-fiberglass, kunye neeplastiki ezifana ne-polypropylene nazo zinokwenziwa ngoomatshini.
Ngapha koko, malunga nayo nayiphi na imathiriyeli ingasetyenziswa ngokuchaneka kweCNC machining - kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zayo.
Ezinye iingenelo zokuchaneka kweCNC machining
Kuninzi lwamacandelo amancinci kunye namacandelo asetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezenziweyo, ukuchaneka kwe-CNC machining kudla ngokuba yindlela yokwenziwa yokhetho.
Njengoko kuyinyaniso kuzo zonke iindlela zokusika kunye nomatshini, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ziziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo, kwaye ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwecandelo kunempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo.Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi inkqubo yokuchaneka komatshini we-CNC ibonelela ngeengenelo ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela zomatshini.
Kungenxa yokuba umatshini weCNC uyakwazi ukuhambisa:
■ Iqondo eliphezulu lokuntsonkotha kwenxalenye
∎ Ukunyamezela okuqinileyo, okuqheleke ukusuka ku-±0.0002" (±0.00508 mm) ukuya ku-±0.0005" (±0.0127 mm)
■ Imiphetho yomphezulu egudileyo, kubandakanywa ukugqibezela okuqhelekileyo
■ Ukuphindaphinda, nokuba kukwimithamo ephezulu
Ngelixa igcisa elinobuchule linokusebenzisa i-lathe yezandla ukwenza inxalenye esemgangathweni kubungakanani be-10 okanye i-100, kwenzeka ntoni xa ufuna iinxalenye ezili-1,000?10,000 iinxalenye?I-100,000 okanye inxalenye yesigidi?
Ngokuchaneka kweCNC machining, unokufumana i-scalability kunye nesantya esifunekayo kolu hlobo lwemveliso ephezulu.Ukongeza, ukuphindaphindwa okuphezulu kokuchaneka kweCNC machining kukunika iindawo ezifanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni, nokuba mangaphi na amalungu owenzayo.
Kukho iindlela ezikhethekileyo kakhulu ze-CNC machining, kubandakanywa i-EDM yocingo (i-electrical discharge machining), i-additive machining, kunye ne-3D laser printing.Umzekelo, i-EDM yocingo isebenzisa izinto eziqhubayo - ngokuqhelekileyo isinyithi -- kunye nokukhutshwa kombane ukutshabalalisa i-workpiece ibe yimilo enzima.
Nangona kunjalo, apha siza kugxininisa kwiinkqubo zokusila kunye nokuguqula - iindlela ezimbini zokunciphisa ezifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye zisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuchaneka kwe-CNC machining.
Ukugaya vs. ukujika
Ukugaya yinkqubo yomatshini esebenzisa isixhobo sokusika esijikelezayo, esine-cylindrical ukususa izinto kunye nokudala iimilo.Isixhobo sokugaya, esaziwa ngokuba sisingqusho okanye iziko lomatshini, siphumeza indalo yonke yenxalenye entsonkothileyo yejometri kwezinye zezinto ezinkulu ezenziwe ngoomatshini bentsimbi.
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lokugaya kukuba i-workpiece ihlala imile ngelixa isixhobo sokusika sijikeleza.Ngamanye amazwi, kwi-mill, isixhobo sokusika esijikelezayo sijikeleza i-workpiece, ehlala igxininisekile kwindawo yokulala.
Ukujika yinkqubo yokusika okanye ukubumba i-workpiece kwisixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yilathe.Ngokwesiqhelo, i-lathe ijikelezisa i-workpiece kwi-axis ethe nkqo okanye ethe tye ngelixa isixhobo sokusika esisisigxina (esinokuthi okanye singajikelezi) sihamba nge-axis ecwangcisiweyo.
Isixhobo asikwazi ukujikeleza ngokwasemzimbeni inxalenye.Izinto eziphathekayo zijikeleza, zivumela isixhobo ukuba senze imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo.(Kukho i-subset ye-lathes apho izixhobo zijikeleza i-spool-fed wire, nangona kunjalo, ayigqunywanga apha.)
Ukujika, ngokungafaniyo nokugaya, i-workpiece iyajikeleza.Inxalenye yesitokhwe ijika kwi-lathe's spindle kwaye isixhobo sokusika sidityaniswe nesixhobo sokusebenza.
Manual vs. CNC machining
Ngelixa zombini ii-mill kunye ne-lathes zifumaneka kwiimodeli zezandla, oomatshini be-CNC bafaneleke ngakumbi ngeenjongo zokwenziwa kwamacandelo amancinci - anikezela nge-scalability kunye nokuphindaphinda kwizicelo ezifuna ukuveliswa komthamo ophezulu wamalungu okunyamezela.
Ukongeza ekunikezeni oomatshini abalula be-2-axis apho isixhobo sihamba kwi-X kunye ne-Z, izixhobo ezichanekileyo ze-CNC ziquka iimodeli ze-multi-axis apho i-workpiece inokuhamba nayo.Oku kuchasene ne-lathe apho i-workpiece inqunyelwe ukujikeleza kwaye izixhobo ziya kuhamba ukudala ijometri efunwayo.
Olu lungelelwaniso lwe-multi-axis luvumela ukuveliswa kweejometri ezinzima ngakumbi kumsebenzi omnye, ngaphandle kokufuna umsebenzi owongezelelweyo ngumqhubi womatshini.Oku akugcini nje ukwenza kube lula ukuvelisa iindawo ezinzima, kodwa kunciphisa okanye kuphelisa ithuba lempazamo yomsebenzisi.
Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwesipholisi soxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye ngokuchanekileyo kweCNC machining kuqinisekisa ukuba iitshiphusi azingeni kwimisebenzi, naxa usebenzisa umatshini onomjikelo ojonge nkqo.
Iimveliso ze-CNC
Oomatshini bokungqusha abohlukeneyo bayahluka ngokobukhulu babo, ulungelelwaniso lwe-axis, amaxabiso okutya, isantya sokusika, isalathiso sokusila, kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, ii-CNC Mills zonke zisebenzisa i-spindle ejikelezayo ukusika izinto ezingafunekiyo.Zisetyenziselwa ukusika iintsimbi eziqinileyo njengentsimbi kunye ne-titanium kodwa zinokusetyenziswa nakwizinto ezifana neplastiki kunye ne-aluminiyam.
Ii-Mill ze-CNC zakhelwe ukuphinda-phinda kwaye zingasetyenziselwa yonke into ukusuka kwiprototyping ukuya kwimveliso ephezulu.Izingqusho ze-CNC ezichanekileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zihlala zisetyenziselwa umsebenzi wokunyamezelana okuqinileyo okufana nokusila iifayini kunye nokubumba.
Ngelixa ukugaya i-CNC kunokuhambisa ngokukhawuleza, ukugqitywa kwe-milled kudala iindawo ezinamanqaku esixhobo abonakalayo.Isenokuvelisa iindawo ezinencam ezibukhali kunye nee-burrs, ngoko ke iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo zinokufuneka ukuba imiphetho kunye ne-burrs azamkelekanga kwezo mpawu.
Ewe kunjalo, izixhobo zokuhlawulela ezicwangcisiweyo kulandelelwano ziya kucinywa, nangona zihlala zifikelela kuma-90% eemfuno ezigqityiweyo kakhulu, zishiya ezinye iimpawu zokugqitywa kwesandla sokugqibela.
Ngokubhekiselele ekugqityweni komphezulu, kukho izixhobo ezingayi kuvelisa kuphela umphezulu owamkelekileyo, kodwa kunye nesibuko esifana nesipili kwiinxalenye zemveliso yomsebenzi.
Iintlobo zeCNC Mills
Iindidi ezimbini ezisisiseko zoomatshini bokungqusha zaziwa njengamaziko omatshini amileyo kunye namaziko omatshini atyebileyo, apho umahluko ophambili ukwindlela yokuqhelaniswa nomatshini wokuphotha.
Iziko lomatshini elithe nkqo lilitye lokusila apho i-axis yokusonta ilungelelaniswe kwicala le-Z-axis.Aba matshini nkqo banokwahlulwa babe ziindidi ezimbini:
■ Izixhobo zokusila zebhedi, apho intambo yokusonta ishukuma ngokunxuseneyo kwiaxis yayo ngelixa itheyibhile ishukuma ngokuthe ngqo kwiaxis ye spindle.
■ Izixhobo zokusila zeTurret, apho i-spindle imile kwaye itafile ishukunyiswa ukuze ihlale i-perpendicular kwaye ihambelana ne-axis ye-spindle ngexesha lomsebenzi wokusika.
Kwiziko lomatshini elithe tye, i-axis ye-spindle ye-spindle ilungelelaniswe kwicala le-Y-axis.Ulwakhiwo oluthe tyaba luthetha ukuba ezi zixhobo zokusila zikholisa ukuthatha indawo eninzi kumgangatho wevenkile yomatshini;nazo ngokubanzi zinzima ngobunzima kwaye zinamandla ngakumbi kunoomatshini abathe nkqo.
Ilitye lokusila elithe tyaba lisoloko lisetyenziswa xa kufuneka umphezulu ongcono;kungenxa yokuba i-orientation ye-spindle ithetha ukuba iitshiphusi zokusika ngokwendalo ziyawa kwaye zisuswe ngokulula.(Njengenzuzo eyongezelelweyo, ukususwa kwetshiphu okusebenzayo kunceda ukwandisa ubomi besixhobo.)
Ngokubanzi, amaziko omatshini athe nkqo axhaphake kakhulu kuba anokuba namandla njengamaziko omatshini anqamlezileyo kwaye anokuphatha iindawo ezincinci kakhulu.Ukongeza, amaziko athe nkqo anonyawo oluncinci kunamaziko omatshini athe tye.
Multi-axis CNC Mills
Amaziko okusila achanekileyo e-CNC ayafumaneka ngamazembe amaninzi.I-3-axis mill isebenzisa i-X, Y, kunye no-Z kwiintlobo ezininzi zomsebenzi.Nge-4-axis mill, umatshini unokujikeleza kwi-axis ethe nkqo kunye ne-horizontal kwaye uhambise i-workpiece ukuvumela umatshini oqhubekayo.
I-5-axis mill ineezembe ezintathu zemveli kunye neentsimbi ezimbini ezongezelelweyo ezijikelezayo, ezivumela umsebenzi wokusebenza ukuba ujikelezwe njengoko intloko ye-spindle ihamba ngeenxa zonke kuyo.Oku kwenza ukuba amacala amahlanu omsebenzi abe ngoomatshini ngaphandle kokususa i-workpiece kunye nokusetha kwakhona umatshini.
CNC lathes
Ilathe - ekwabizwa ngokuba liziko lokujikela - ine-spindle enye okanye ngaphezulu, kunye no-X kunye no-Z.Umatshini usetyenziselwa ukujikeleza i-workpiece kwi-axis yayo ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokusika kunye nokubunjwa, ukusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zokusebenza.
Iileyile ze-CNC, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziileyile zesixhobo sokusebenza esiphilayo, zilungele ukwenza i-symmetrical cylindrical or spherical parts.Njengee-mill ze-CNC, iileyile ze-CNC zinokuphatha imisebenzi emincinci efana neprototyping kodwa inokusetwa ukuphindaphinda okuphezulu, ukuxhasa ukuveliswa komthamo ophezulu.
Iileyile ze-CNC nazo zinokusetwa kwimveliso engenazandla, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso yeemoto, i-electronics, i-aerospace, i-robotics, kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
Isebenza njani i-lathe ye-CNC
Ngelathe ye-CNC, ibha engenanto yezinto eziphathekayo ilayishwa kwi-chuck ye-lathe's spindle.Le chuck ibamba i-workpiece endaweni ngelixa i-spindle ijikeleza.Xa i-spindle ifikelela kwisantya esifunekayo, isixhobo sokusika esimileyo sidityaniswa nomsebenzi wokususa izinto kunye nokufezekisa ijometri echanekileyo.
I-lathe ye-CNC inokwenza inani lemisebenzi, njengokubhola, ukuthunga, ukudika, ukuphinda, ukujongana, kunye nokujika kwe-taper.Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ifuna utshintsho lwesixhobo kwaye inokunyusa iindleko kunye nexesha lokuseta.
Xa yonke imisebenzi yomatshini efunekayo igqityiwe, inxalenye iyasikwa kwi-stock ukuze iqhubekele phambili, ukuba kuyimfuneko.Ilathe ye-CNC sele ilungele ukuphinda umsebenzi, kunye nexesha elincinci okanye alikho elongezelelweyo lokucwangcisa elidla ngokufuneka phakathi.
Iileyile ze-CNC ziyakwazi ukwamkela iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-bar feeder ezizenzekelayo, ezinciphisa umthamo wokuphathwa kwempahla ekrwada kunye nokubonelela ngezibonelelo ezinje zilandelayo:
■ Ukunciphisa ixesha kunye neenzame ezifunekayo kumsebenzisi womatshini
■ Xhasa ibarstock ukunciphisa iintshukumo ezinokuchaphazela kakubi ukuchaneka
■ Vumela isixhobo somatshini sisebenze ngezantya zokusonta ezizezona zilungileyo
■ Ukunciphisa amaxesha okutshintsha
■ Ukunciphisa inkcitho yezinto eziphathekayo
Iintlobo zeeleyile ze-CNC
Kukho inani leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeleyile, kodwa ezona zixhaphakileyo zi-2-axis CNC lathes kunye ne-China-style lathes automatic.
Uninzi lwe-CNC China lathes zisebenzisa i-spindle enye okanye ezimbini eziphambili kunye ne-spindle enye okanye ezimbini zangasemva (okanye ezizisekondari), kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-rotary kuxanduva lwangaphambili.I-spindle ephambili yenza umsebenzi ophambili womatshini, ngoncedo lwe-bushing yesikhokelo.
Ukongeza, ezinye iileyile zesitayile saseTshayina ziza zixhotyiswe ngentloko yesibini yesixhobo esebenza njenge-CNC yokusila.
Nge-lathe ye-CNC yaseTshayina ezenzekelayo, imathiriyeli yesitokhwe iyondliwa ngentloko ephothayo kwi-bushing yesikhokelo.Oku kuvumela isixhobo ukusika izinto ngokusondeleyo kwindawo apho izinto zixhaswa, okwenza umatshini waseTshayina uzuze ngokukhethekileyo ixesha elide, iinxalenye eziguqukileyo eziguqukileyo kunye ne-micromachining.
Amaziko okuguqula i-CNC ye-Multi-axis kunye ne-China-style lathes inokuphumeza imisebenzi emininzi yomatshini usebenzisa umatshini omnye.Oku kubenza babe ukhetho olungabizi kakhulu kwiijometri ezintsonkothileyo ezinokuthi zifune oomatshini abaninzi okanye utshintsho lwesixhobo kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana nelitye lokusila le-CNC.