Umahluko phakathi kweeseramikhi kunye neeseramikhi ezichanekileyo

Umahluko phakathi kweeseramikhi kunye neeseramikhi ezichanekileyo

Iintsimbi, izinto eziphilayo, kunye neeseramikhi zibizwa ngokuba “zizinto ezintathu eziphambili”. Igama elithi Ceramics kuthiwa livela kwiKeramos, igama lesiGrike elithetha udongwe olutshisiweyo. Ekuqaleni libhekisa kwiiseramikhi, kutshanje, igama elithi ceramics laqala ukusetyenziswa ukubhekisa kwizinto ezingezizo zesinyithi nezingaphiliyo kuquka izinto ezingafunekiyo, iglasi, kunye nesamente. Ngenxa yezi zizathu zingasentla, iiseramikhi ngoku zingachazwa “njengeemveliso ezisebenzisa izinto ezingezizo zesinyithi okanye ezingaphiliyo kwaye ziphathwa ngobushushu obuphezulu kwinkqubo yokuvelisa”.

Phakathi kweeseramikhi, ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu kuyadingeka kwiiseramikhi ezisetyenziswa kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, kuquka ishishini le-elektroniki. Ke ngoko, ngoku zibizwa ngokuba “ziiramikhi ezichanekileyo” ukuze zithelekiswe neeseramikhi eziqhelekileyo ezenziwe ngezinto zendalo ezifana nodongwe kunye ne-silica. Iiseramikhi ezintle ziiseramikhi ezichanekileyo kakhulu ezenziwe kusetyenziswa “umgubo wezinto eziluhlaza okhethiweyo okanye owenziweyo” ngokusebenzisa “inkqubo yokuvelisa elawulwa ngokungqongqo” kunye “nokwakheka kweekhemikhali okulungisiweyo ngokucokisekileyo”.

Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye neendlela zokuvelisa zahluka kakhulu
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-ceramics ziiminerali zendalo, kwaye ezo zisetyenziswa kwi-ceramics echanekileyo zizinto ezicocekileyo kakhulu.

Iimveliso zeseramikhi zineempawu zobunzima obuphezulu, ukumelana nobushushu okugqwesileyo, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukugquma kombane, njl. Iiseramikhi, izinto ezichaseneyo, iglasi, isamente, iiseramikhi ezichanekileyo, njl. ziimveliso ezimele zona. Ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezingentla, iiseramikhi ezintle zineempawu ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini, zombane, ze-optical, zekhemikhali, kunye neze-biochemical, kunye nemisebenzi enamandla ngakumbi. Okwangoku, iiseramikhi ezichanekileyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nee-semiconductors, iimoto, unxibelelwano lolwazi, oomatshini bemizi-mveliso, kunye nonyango. Umahluko phakathi kweeseramikhi zemveli ezifana neeseramikhi kunye neeseramikhi ezintle uxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto eziluhlaza kunye neendlela zazo zokwenza. Iiseramikhi zemveli zenziwa ngokuxuba iiminerali zendalo ezifana nelitye lodaka, i-feldspar, kunye nodongwe, emva koko zibunjwe kwaye zitshiswe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiseramikhi ezintle zisebenzisa izinto eziluhlaza zendalo ezicociweyo kakhulu, izinto eziluhlaza zokwenziwa ezenziwe ngonyango lweekhemikhali, kunye neekhompawundi ezingekhoyo kwindalo. Ngokuqulunqa izinto eziluhlaza ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, into eneempawu ezifunwayo inokufumaneka. Ukongeza, izinto ezilungisiweyo zenziwe zibe ziimveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu ezichanekileyo kakhulu kwaye zisebenza ngamandla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokucubungula ezilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ezifana nokubumba, ukudubula, kunye nokusila.

Udidi lweeseramikhi:

1. Izinto zobumba kunye neeseramikhi

1.1 Izitya zodongwe

Isitya esingagqunywanga esenziwe ngokuxova udongwe, silubumbe size silutshise kubushushu obuphantsi (malunga nama-800°C). Ezi ziquka izitya zodongwe ezifana neJomon, izitya zodongwe ezifana neYayoi, izinto ezafunyanwa eMbindi naseMpuma Ekufutshane ngo-6000 BC njalo njalo. Iimveliso ezisetyenziswayo ngoku ikakhulu ziimbiza zeentyatyambo ezibomvu-mdaka, izitena ezibomvu, izitovu, izihluzi zamanzi, njl.njl.

1.2 Izinto zobumba

Itshiswa kubushushu obuphezulu (1000-1250°C) kunezitya zodongwe, kwaye inokufunxwa kwamanzi kwaye yimveliso etshiswayo esetyenziswa emva kokugqunywa. Ezi ziquka iSUEKI, iRAKUYAKI, iMaiolica, iDelftware, njl. Ngoku iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ziiseti zeti, izitya zetafile, iiseti zeentyatyambo, iithayile njalo njalo.

1.3 I-Porcelain

Imveliso emhlophe evuthayo eqina ngokupheleleyo emva kokongeza i-silica kunye ne-feldspar kudongwe olucocekileyo kakhulu (okanye ilitye lodaka), ukuxuba, ukubumba, kunye nokutshisa. Kusetyenziswa iiglaze ezinemibala. Yaphuhliswa kwixesha le-feudal (inkulungwane yesi-7 neyesi-8) yaseTshayina efana neSui Dynasty kunye neTang Dynasty yaza yasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Kukho ikakhulu iJingdezhen, iArita ware, iSeto ware njalo njalo. Iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku ziquka izitya zetafile, izigqubuthelo, ubugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla, iithayile zokuhombisa njalo njalo.

2. Izinto ezibonisa ukurhawuzelelwa kwezinto

Iyabunjwa ize itshiswe ngezinto ezingaboliyo xa kushushu kakhulu. Isetyenziselwa ukwakha iziko zokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ukwenza intsimbi kunye nokunyibilikisa iglasi.

3. Iglasi

Sisiqina esingenasimo semvelo esenziwe ngokufudumeza nokunyibilikisa izinto ezikrwada ezifana ne-silica, i-limestone kunye ne-soda ash.

4. Isamente

Umgubo ofunyenwe ngokuxuba ilimestone kunye ne-silica, i-calcining, kunye nokongeza i-gypsum. Emva kokongeza amanzi, amatye kunye nesanti ziyanamathelana ukuze zenze ikhonkrithi.

5. I-Ceramic yoShishino oluchanekileyo

Iiceramics ezintle ziiceramics ezichanekileyo kakhulu ezenziwe "ngokusebenzisa umgubo wezinto eziluhlaza ezikhethiweyo okanye ezenziweyo, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali okulungisiweyo kakuhle" + "inkqubo yokuvelisa elawulwa ngokungqongqo". Xa ithelekiswa neeceramics zemveli, inemisebenzi enamandla ngakumbi, ngoko ke isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nee-semiconductors, iimoto, kunye noomatshini bemizi-mveliso. Iiceramics ezintle zazibizwa ngokuba ziiceramics ezintsha kunye neeceramics eziphambili okwethutyana.