Kwintsimi yokwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo, ukungaqondi kakuhle okuqhelekileyo kukuba "uxinzelelo oluphezulu = ukuqina okuqinileyo = ukuchaneka okuphezulu". Isiseko segranite, esinoxinano lwe-2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ yentsimbi etyhidiweyo), siphumeze ukuchaneka ukodlula iimicrometers okanye iinanometers. Emva kwale nto "i-counter-intuitive" kukho i-synergy enzulu ye-mineralogy, i-mechanics kunye nobuchule bokucubungula. Oku kulandelayo kuhlalutya imigaqo yayo yenzululwazi ukusuka kumacala amane amakhulu.
1. Uxinaniso ≠ Ubungqongqo: Indima egqibeleleyo yesakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo
"I-honeycomb yendalo" isakhiwo sekristale segranite
I-Granite iqulethwe ngamakristali amaminerali afana ne-quartz (SiO₂) kunye ne-feldspar (KalSi₃O₈), ehlanganiswe ngokusondeleyo ngamabhondi e-ionic / covalent, okwenza isakhiwo esifana ne-honeycomb edibeneyo. Esi sakhiwo sisinika iimpawu ezizodwa:
Amandla oxinzelelo anokuthelekiswa nalawo entsimbi etyhidiweyo: ukufikelela kwi-100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa yentsimbi engwevu), kodwa imodyuli e-elastic iphantsi (i-70-100 gpa vs 160-200 gpa yentsimbi etyhidiweyo), nto leyo ethetha ukuba ayinakwenzeka ukuba iqhube i-deformation yeplastiki phantsi kwamandla.
Ukukhululwa kwendalo koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi: I-Granite iye yaguga ngaphaya kwamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka yeenkqubo ze-geological, kwaye uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olushiyekileyo lusondela kwi-zero. Xa intsimbi ephosiweyo ipholile (ngezinga lokupholisa> 50 ℃ / s), uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluphezulu njenge-50-100 mpa luyenziwa, olufuna ukupheliswa ngokuxutywa kwe-artificial annealing. Ukuba unyango alucokisekanga, luxhomekeke kwi-deformation ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.
2. "I-multi-defect" isakhiwo sesinyithi sentsimbi
Intsimbi yokuphosa yintsimbi ye-iron-carbon alloy, kwaye ineziphene ezifana ne-flake graphite, i-pores kunye ne-shrinkage porosity ngaphakathi.
I-matrix ye-graphite fragmentation: I-Flake graphite ilingana "ne-microcracks" yangaphakathi, ebangela ukuncipha kwe-30% -50% kwindawo yokwenene yomthwalo wentsimbi. Nangona amandla oxinzelelo aphezulu, amandla e-flexural aphantsi (kuphela i-1 / 5-1 / 10 yamandla oxinzelelo), kwaye ijwayele ukuchithwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwengqondo yendawo.
Ubuninzi obuphezulu kodwa ukusabalalisa ngobuninzi obungalinganiyo: Intsimbi yokuphosa iqulethe i-2% ukuya kwi-4% yekhabhoni. Ngexesha lokuphosa, ulwahlulo lwe-carbon element lunokubangela ukuguquguquka koxinano lwe-±3%, ngelixa i-granite inomlinganiselo ofanayo wokusabalalisa izimbiwa ezingaphezu kwe-95%, iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesakhiwo.
Okwesibini, inzuzo echanekileyo yoxinano oluphantsi: ukunyanzeliswa kabini kobushushu kunye nokungcangcazela
"Inzuzo yendalo" yolawulo lwe-thermal deformation
I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwe-thermal iyahluka kakhulu: i-granite yi-0.6-5 × 10⁻⁶/℃, ngelixa i-iron cast i-10-12 × 10⁻⁶/℃. Thatha isiseko seemitha ezili-10 njengomzekelo. Xa ubushushu butshintsha nge-10℃:
Ukwandiswa kweGranite kunye nokuncipha: 0.06-0.5mm
Ukwandiswa kwentsimbi kunye nokunciphisa: 1-1.2mm
Lo mahluko wenza i-granite ibe phantse "i-zero deformation" kwindawo elawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ubushushu (efana ± 0.5℃ kwindawo yokusebenzela ye-semiconductor), ngelixa intsimbi etyhidiweyo ifuna inkqubo yembuyekezo eyongezelelweyo yobushushu.
Umahluko we-Thermal conductivity: I-thermal conductivity ye-granite yi-2-3W / (m · K), eyi-1/20-1/30 kuphela yentsimbi etyhidiweyo (50-80W / (m · K)). Kwiimeko zokufudumeza izixhobo (ezifana naxa ubushushu bemoto bufikelela kwi-60℃), umgangatho wobushushu bomhlaba wegranite ungaphantsi kwe-0.5℃/m, ngelixa intsimbi ekhutshiweyo inokufikelela kwi-5-8℃/m, okukhokelela ekwandiseni okungalinganiyo kwendawo kunye nokuchaphazela ukuba tye kwesikhokelo sikaloliwe.
2. Isiphumo "sokudambisa kwendalo" sokucinezelwa kwevibration
Umda wokutshatyalaliswa kwamandla okuziinkozo wangaphakathi: I-micro-fractures kunye ne-corn boundary slippage phakathi kweekristale zegranite zinokutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza amandla okungcangcazela, kunye nomlinganiselo we-damping we-0.3-0.5 (ngelixa i-iron cast yi-0.05-0.1 kuphela). Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba kwintshukumo ye-100Hz:
Kuthatha imizuzwana eyi-0.1 ukuba i-amplitude yegranite ibole ukuya kwi-10%
Intsimbi yokuphosa ithatha imizuzwana eyi-0.8
Lo mahluko wenza ukuba i-granite izinze ngokukhawuleza kwizixhobo ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu (ezifana ne-2m / s ukuskena kwentloko yokugubungela), ukuthintela isiphene "seempawu zokungcangcazela".
Isiphumo esibuyisela umva ubunzima obungangeni: Ubuninzi obuphantsi buthetha ukuba ubunzima buncinci kumthamo ofanayo, kwaye amandla angenayo (F = ma) kunye nesantya (p=mv) senxalenye ehambayo iphantsi. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-granite ye-granite ye-10 yemitha ye-gantry frame (ubunzima beetoni ezili-12) ikhawuleza ukuya kwi-1.5G xa kuthelekiswa nesakhelo sensimbi etyhidiweyo (iitoni ezingama-20), imfuno yokuqhubela phambili iyancitshiswa nge-40%, impembelelo yokuqala yokuyeka iyancipha, kwaye ukuchaneka kokumisa kuphuculwe ngakumbi.
Iii. Ukuphumelela "kwi-density-independent" yokuchaneka kweteknoloji yokucubungula
1. Ukuziqhelanisa nenkqubo echaneke kakhulu
"I-Crystal-level" yokulawula ukugaya kunye nokugulisa: Nangona ubunzima begranite (6-7 kwisikali se-Mohs) buphezulu kunobuntsimbi yentsimbi (4-5 kwisikali se-Mohs), isakhiwo sayo seminerali siyafana kwaye sinokususwa nge-atomically nge-diamond abrasive + magnetorheological polishing (ubukhulu be-polish single <10nm), kunye nomgangatho womhlaba (uburhabaxa be-0mi.0). Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobukho bamasuntswana athambileyo egraphite kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo, "isiphumo se-furplough" sithambekele ekubeni senzeke ngexesha lokusila, kwaye uburhabaxa bomhlaba kunzima ukuba bungaphantsi kweRa 0.8μm.
Inzuzo "yoxinzelelo oluphantsi" ye-CNC machining: Xa kusetyenzwa i-granite, amandla okusika kuphela i-1/3 yentsimbi yentsimbi (ngenxa yoxinano oluphantsi kunye nemodyuli encinci ye-elastic), evumela isantya esiphezulu sokujikeleza (i-100,000 revolutions ngomzuzu) kunye namazinga okutya (5000mm / min), ukunciphisa izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Icala elithile le-axis machining ye-five-axis ibonisa ukuba ixesha lokucubungula i-granite guide grooves kaloliwe yi-25% mfutshane kunaleyo yentsimbi, ngelixa ukuchaneka kuphuculwe ukuya kwi-±2μm.
2. Umahluko kwi "cumulative effect" yeempazamo zendibano
Ukusabela kwekhonkco lobunzima becandelo elincitshisiweyo: Izixhobo ezinjengeenjini kunye neentsimbi zesikhokelo ezidityaniswe neziseko zoxinaniso olusezantsi zinokukhanyiswa ngaxeshanye. Ngokomzekelo, xa amandla emoto ehambelanayo encitshiswe ngama-30%, ukuveliswa kobushushu kunye nokungcangcazela kuyancipha ngokufanelekileyo, okwenza umjikelo olungileyo "wokuphucula ukuchaneka - ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla".
Ukugcinwa kokuchaneka kwexesha elide: Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion ye-granite ngamaxesha angama-15 kunentsimbi etyhidiweyo (i-quartz iyamelana nokukhukuliseka kwe-asidi kunye ne-alkali). Kwimeko-bume yenkungu ye-asidi ye-semiconductor, uburhabaxa bomphezulu buguquka emva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokusetyenziswa bungaphantsi kwe-0.02μm, ngelixa i-iron egayiweyo ifuna ukugatywa kwaye ilungiswe minyaka le, ngempazamo eyongezelekayo ye-±20μm.
Iv. Ubungqina boShishino: Owona mzekelo uPhantsi weNxinano ePhantsi ≠ Ukusebenza okuphantsi
Izixhobo zokuvavanya i-semiconductor
Uthelekiso lwedatha yeqonga elithile lokuhlola iwafer:
2. Izixhobo zokukhanya ezichanekileyo
Isibiyeli se-infrared detector yeNASA's James Webb Telescope yenziwe ngegranite. Kuchaneka ngokuthatha inzuzo ye-low density (ukunciphisa i-satellite payload) kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi (izinzile kumaqondo okushisa aphantsi kwe-ultra-270 ℃) ukuba i-nano-level optical alignment accuracy iqinisekisiwe, ngelixa umngcipheko wentsimbi ekhatywayo ibe yi-brittle kumaqondo aphantsi obushushu aphelile.
Isiphelo: "Ingqondo echaseneyo neqhelekileyo" kwisayensi yezinto
Inzuzo echanekileyo yeziseko zegranite ngokusisiseko ilele kuloyiso lwezinto eziphathekayo "ukufana kolwakhiwo > ubuninzi, uzinzo lokothuka kwe-thermal > ukuqina okulula". Ayinakuphela nje ukuxinana kwayo okuphantsi akubanga yindawo ebuthathaka, kodwa ikwaphumelele ukutsiba ngokuchanekileyo ngokusebenzisa imilinganiselo efana nokunciphisa inertia, ukwenza ngcono ulawulo lwe-thermal, kunye nokuziqhelanisa ne-ultra-precision processing. Lo mcimbi ubonisa umthetho ongundoqo wokwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo: iipropati eziphathekayo zilungelelaniso olubanzi lweeparamitha ezinobubanzi obuninzi kunokuqokelela okulula kwezalathi ezilodwa. Ngophuhliso lwe-nanotechnology kunye nokuveliswa okuluhlaza, izinto eziphantsi kunye ne-granite ephezulu zichaza imboniselo yemboni "enzima" kunye "nokukhanya", "eqinile" kunye "nokuguquguquka", ukuvula iindlela ezintsha zokwenza imveliso ephezulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2025