Kwizixhobo zolawulo lwamanani ze-CNC, nangona iipropati zomzimba zegranite zibonelela ngesiseko sokucubungula ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu, iingxaki zayo ezisisiseko zinokuba nefuthe elibanzi ekuchanekeni kokucubungula, ezibonakala ngokukodwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Iziphene zomphezulu ekucutshungulweni okubangelwa kukungaqini kwezinto
Indalo yokuba igranite ibuthathaka (amandla aphezulu okuxinanisa kodwa amandla aphantsi okuxinanisa, ngokuqhelekileyo amandla okuxinanisa yi-1/10 ukuya kwi-1/20 kuphela yamandla okuxinanisa) yenza ukuba ibe neengxaki ezifana nokuqhekeka komphetho kunye nokuqhekeka komphezulu ngexesha lokucubungula.
Iziphene zeMicroscopic zichaphazela ukudluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo: Xa kusenziwa ukugaya okanye ukugawula ngokuchanekileyo, imifantu emincinci kwiindawo zokunxibelelana nezixhobo inokwenza iindawo ezingaqhelekanga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iimpazamo zokuthe tye kwezinto eziphambili ezifana neereyile zesikhokelo kunye neetafile zomsebenzi zande (umzekelo, ukuthe tyaba kuyawohloka ukusuka kwi-±1μm/m efanelekileyo ukuya kwi-±3~5μm/m). Ezi ziphene zeMicroscopic ziya kudluliselwa ngqo kwiindawo ezicutshungulwayo, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokucubungula ezifana nezixhobo ze-precision optical kunye nee-semiconductor wafer carriers, ezinokukhokelela ekwandeni koburhabaxa bomphezulu wesixhobo somsebenzi (Ixabiso leRa liyanda ukusuka kwi-0.1μm ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-0.5μm), okuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-optical okanye ukusebenza kwesixhobo.
Umngcipheko wokuqhekeka ngequbuliso kwi-dynamic processing: Kwiimeko zokusika ngesantya esiphezulu (ezifana nesantya se-spindle > 15,000 r/min) okanye isantya sokutya > 20m/min, izinto ze-granite zinokufumana ukuqhekeka kwendawo ngenxa yamandla empembelelo akhawulezileyo. Umzekelo, xa i-guide rail pair itshintsha indlela ngokukhawuleza, ukuqhekeka komphetho kunokubangela ukuba indlela yokuhamba iphambuke kwindlela yethiyori, okubangela ukwehla ngequbuliso kokuchaneka kokubeka (impazamo yokubeka iyanda ukusuka ku-±2μm ukuya ku-±10μm), kwaye ide ikhokelele ekungqubaneni kwezixhobo kunye nokukrazulwa.
Okwesibini, ukulahleka kokuchaneka okuguquguqukayo okubangelwa kukuphikisana phakathi kobunzima kunye nokuqina
Ipropathi enoxinano oluphezulu lwegranite (enoxinano olumalunga ne-2.6 ukuya kwi-3.0g/cm³) inokuthintela ukungcangcazela, kodwa ikwazisa ezi ngxaki zilandelayo:
Amandla angasebenziyo abangela ukubambezeleka kwempendulo ye-servo: Amandla angasebenziyo aveliswa ziibhedi zegranite ezinzima (ezifana neebhedi zomatshini ezinkulu ze-gantry ezinobunzima obungamashumi eetoni) ngexesha lokukhawulezisa kunye nokuthomalalisa isantya anyanzela i-servo motor ukuba ikhuphe i-torque enkulu, nto leyo ebangela ukwanda kwempazamo yokulandelela i-position loop. Umzekelo, kwiinkqubo zesantya esiphezulu eziqhutywa zii-linear motors, xa kukho ukunyuka kobunzima nge-10%, ukuchaneka kwendawo kunokwehla nge-5% ukuya kwi-8%. Ingakumbi kwiimeko zokucubungula i-nanoscale, oku kubambezeleka kunokukhokelela kwiimpazamo zokucubungula i-contour (ezifana nempazamo yokujikeleza enyuka ukusuka kwi-50nm ukuya kwi-200nm ngexesha lokufakelwa kwe-circular).
Ukuqina okunganelanga kubangela ukungcangcazela okuphantsi: Nangona igranite inomdamping ophezulu ongokwemvelo, i-elastic modulus yayo (malunga ne-60 ukuya kwi-120GPa) iphantsi kuneyesinyithi esityhidiweyo. Xa iphantsi kwemithwalo etshintshanayo (njengokuguquguquka kwamandla okusika ngexesha lokucubungula i-multi-axis linkage), ukuqokelelana kwe-micro-deformation kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, kwicandelo le-swing head leziko le-five-axis machining, ukuguquguquka okuncinci kwe-elastic base yegranite kunokubangela ukuchaneka kwe-angular positioning ye-rotation axis ukuba ihambe (njengokuba i-indexing error isanda ukusuka kwi-±5" ukuya kwi-±15"), okuchaphazela ukuchaneka kwe-machining kwiindawo ezigobileyo ezintsonkothileyo.
Iii. Imida yoZinzo loBushushu kunye noBuchule bokusingqongileyo
Nangona i-coefficient yokwandiswa kobushushu begranite (malunga ne-5 ukuya kwi-9×10⁻⁶/℃) iphantsi kuneyesinyithi esityhidiweyo, isenokubangela iimpazamo ekucwangcisweni ngokuchanekileyo:
Iigradients zobushushu zibangela ukuguquka kwesakhiwo: Xa izixhobo zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ixesha elide, imithombo yobushushu efana ne-main shaft motor kunye ne-guide rail lubrication system inokubangela ukuguquguquka kobushushu kwiindawo zegranite. Umzekelo, xa umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwendawo ephezulu nesezantsi yetafile yokusebenza yi-2℃, inokubangela ukuguquguquka kwe-mid-convex okanye i-mid-concave (ukuguquka kunokufikelela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-20μm), okukhokelela ekungaguquguquki kwe-workpiece clamping kwaye kuchaphazele ukuchaneka kwe-parallelism yokugaya okanye ukugaya (njengokunyamezela ubukhulu beendawo zeplate ezisicaba ezidlula i-±5μm ukuya kwi-±20μm).
Ukufuma kwendalo kubangela ukwanda okuncinci: Nangona izinga lokufunxwa kwamanzi egranite (0.1% ukuya kwi-0.5%) liphantsi, xa lisetyenziswa ixesha elide kwindawo enomswakama ophezulu, ubungakanani obuncinci bokufunxwa kwamanzi bunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwelattice, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho ekungeneni kwepair yereyile yesikhokelo. Umzekelo, xa ukufuma kukhuphuka ukusuka kwi-40% RH ukuya kwi-70% RH, ubukhulu bomgca wereyile yesikhokelo segranite bunokunyuka nge-0.005 ukuya kwi-0.01mm/m, okubangela ukwehla kokugudama kwentshukumo yereyile yesikhokelo esityibilikayo kunye nokuvela kwento "yokukhasa", echaphazela ukuchaneka kokutya kwinqanaba le-micron.
Iv. Iziphumo eziQokelelweyo zeempazamo zokucubungula kunye nokuhlanganisa
Ubunzima bokucubungula i-granite buphezulu (bufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zedayimani, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula yi-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/2 kuphela yezinto zesinyithi), nto leyo enokubangela ukuba inkqubo yokuhlanganisa ilahleke ngokuchanekileyo:
Ukuhanjiswa kwempazamo yokucubungula iindawo zokutshatisa: Ukuba kukho ukuphambuka kokucubungula (njengokuba tyaba > 5μm, impazamo yokwahlulwa kwemingxunya > 10μm) kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nomphezulu wokufakwa kwereyile yesikhokelo kunye nemingxunya yokuxhasa isikrufu se-lead, kuya kubangela ukuphambuka kwereyile yesikhokelo ethe tyaba emva kokufakwa, ukulayisha okungalinganiyo kwesikrufu sebhola, kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ekuwohlokeni kokuchaneka kwentshukumo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokucubungula unxibelelwano lwe-three-axis, impazamo yokuma ebangelwe kukuphambuka kwereyile yesikhokelo inokwandisa impazamo yobude be-diagonal yetyhubhu ukusuka ku-± 10μm ukuya ku-± 50μm.
Umsantsa wokudibanisa isakhiwo esidibeneyo: Izixhobo zegranite zezixhobo ezinkulu zihlala zisebenzisa iindlela zokudibanisa (ezifana nokudibanisa ibhedi enamacandelo amaninzi). Ukuba kukho iimpazamo ezincinci ze-angular (> 10") okanye uburhabaxa bomphezulu > Ra0.8μm kumphezulu wokudibanisa, uxinzelelo okanye izithuba zinokwenzeka emva kokuhlanganiswa. Phantsi komthwalo wexesha elide, kunokukhokelela ekuphumleni kwesakhiwo kwaye kubangele ukushukuma kokuchaneka (njengokwehla kwe-2 ukuya kwi-5μm ekuchanekeni kokubeka unyaka ngamnye).
Isishwankathelo kunye neempembelelo zokumelana neengxaki
Iingxaki zegranite zinempembelelo efihlakeleyo, eqokelelweyo neyichaphazelayo indalo ekuchanekeni kwezixhobo ze-CNC, kwaye kufuneka zijongwane nazo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ngeendlela ezifana nokuguqulwa kwezinto (ezifana nokufunxwa kwe-resin ukuphucula ukuqina), ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo (ezifana neefreyimu ze-metal-granite composite), iteknoloji yolawulo lobushushu (ezifana nokupholisa amanzi kwi-microchannel), kunye ne-dynamic compensation (ezifana nokulinganiswa kwexesha langempela nge-laser interferometer). Kwicandelo lokucubungula ngokuchaneka kwe-nanoscale, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuqhuba ulawulo olupheleleyo lwe-chain ukusuka ekukhetheni izinto, iteknoloji yokucubungula ukuya kwinkqubo yonke yomatshini ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo iingenelo zokusebenza zegranite ngelixa kuthintelwa iziphene zayo.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-24-2025