Iindaba - Yintoni ukwakheka kwegranite?

Yintoni ukwakheka kwegranite?

IgraniteLelona litye lixhaphakileyo elingena kwi-continental crust ye-continental, liqhelekile njengelitye lokuhombisa elipinki, elimhlophe, elingwevu, nelimnyama. Lirhabaxa ukuya kwelephakathi. Iiminerali zalo ezintathu eziphambili yi-feldspar, i-quartz, kunye ne-mica, ezivela njenge-silverly muscovite okanye i-dark biotite okanye zombini. Kwezi minerali, i-feldspar iphambili, kwaye i-quartz idla ngokuba ngaphezulu kwe-10 ekhulwini. Ii-alkali feldspars zihlala zipinki, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-pink granite idla ngokusetyenziswa njengelitye lokuhombisa. I-granite iqina kwi-silica-rich magmas ezinzulu kwiimayile ezininzi kwi-crust yoMhlaba. Iidiphozithi ezininzi zezimbiwa zenzeka kufutshane ne-crystallizing granite bodies ezivela kwizisombululo ze-hydrothermal ezikhutshwa zezo body.

Ulwahlulo

Kwinxalenye ephezulu ye-QAPF yokuhlelwa kwamatye e-plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), intsimi ye-granite ichazwa yimodal composition ye-quartz (Q 20 - 60 %) kunye nomlinganiselo we-P/(P + A) phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-65. Intsimi ye-granite ineentsimi ezimbini ezincinci: i-syenogranite kunye ne-monzogranite. Kuphela amatye avela ngaphakathi kwe-syenogranite athathwa njengee-granite kwiincwadi ze-Anglo-Saxon. Kwiincwadi zaseYurophu, amatye avela ngaphakathi kwe-syenogranite kunye ne-monzogranite abizwa ngokuba yi-granite. Intsimi encinci ye-monzogranite yayine-adamellite kunye ne-quartz monzonite kwiindidi ezindala. I-Subcommission ye-Rock Cassification icebisa ukuba kutshanje igama elithi adamellite lisetyenziswe kwaye lisetyenziswe njenge-quartz monzonite kuphela amatye avela ngaphakathi kwentsimi ye-quartz monzonite sensu stricto.

Ukwenziwa kweeKhemikhali

Umyinge wehlabathi jikelele wekhemikhali yegranite, ngokwepesenti yobunzima,

ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwama-2485:

I-SiO2 72.04% (i-silica)
I-Al2O3 14.42% (i-alumina)
I-K2O 4.12%
I-Na2O 3.69%
I-CaO1.82%
I-FeO1.68%
I-Fe2O3 1.22%
I-MgO 0.71%
I-TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
I-MnO 0.05%

Ihlala iqulathe iiminerali ze-quartz kunye ne-feldspar, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwezinye iiminerali ezahlukeneyo (iiminerali zezixhobo). I-quartz kunye ne-feldspar ngokubanzi zinika i-granite umbala okhanyayo, ukusuka kwipinki ukuya kumhlophe. Loo mbala ukhanyayo ubonakala kwiiminerali zezixhobo ezimnyama. Ngoko ke i-granite yakudala inembonakalo "yetyuwa nepepile". Iiminerali zezixhobo ezixhaphakileyo yi-black mica biotite kunye ne-black amphibole hornblende. Phantse zonke ezi litye ziyi-igneous (ziqina kwi-magma) kunye ne-plutonic (zenze njalo emzimbeni omkhulu, ongcwatywe nzulu okanye i-pluton). Ukulungelelaniswa okungacwangciswanga kweenkozo kwi-granite - ukungabikho kwelaphu - bubungqina bemvelaphi yayo ye-plutonic. Ilitye elinokwakheka okufanayo ne-granite linokwakheka nge-metamorphism ende nenamandla yamatye e-sedimentary. Kodwa olo hlobo lwelitye lunelaphu eliqinileyo kwaye ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-granite gneiss.

Uxinano + Indawo yokunyibilika

Uxinano oluqhelekileyo lwayo luphakathi kwe-2.65 kunye ne-2.75 g/cm3, amandla ayo okuxinanisa adla ngokuba ngaphezulu kwe-200 MPa, kwaye i-viscosity yayo kufutshane ne-STP yi-3–6 • 1019 Pa·s. Ubushushu bokunyibilika yi-1215–1260 °C. Inokungena kakuhle kwesiseko kodwa ukungena kwesibini kunamandla.

Ukwenzeka kweLitye leGranite

Ifumaneka kwii-pluton ezinkulu kumazwekazi, kwiindawo apho uqweqwe loMhlaba lukhukuliswe kakhulu. Oku kunengqiqo, kuba i-granite kufuneka iqine kancinci kwiindawo ezingcwatywe nzulu ukuze yenze iinkozo ezinkulu zezimbiwa. Ii-Pluton ezincinci kune-100 square kilometers kwindawo zibizwa ngokuba zi-stocks, kwaye ezinkulu zibizwa ngokuba zii-batholiths. Ii-lava ziqhuma kuwo wonke uMhlaba, kodwa i-lava enokwakheka okufanayo ne-granite (rhyolite) iqhuma kuphela kumazwekazi. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-granite kufuneka yenziwe ngokunyibilika kwamatye e-continental. Oko kwenzeka ngezizathu ezibini: ukongeza ubushushu kunye nokongeza ii-volatiles (amanzi okanye i-carbon dioxide okanye zombini). Amazwekazi ashushu kakhulu kuba aqulethe uninzi lwe-uranium kunye ne-potassium yeplanethi, efudumeza indawo ezingqongileyo ngokubola kwe-radioactive. Naphi na apho uqweqwe lutyebile khona ludla ngokuba shushu ngaphakathi (umzekelo kwi-Tibetan Plateau). Kwaye iinkqubo ze-plate tectonics, ikakhulu i-subduction, zinokubangela ukuba i-basaltic magmas inyuke phantsi kwamazwekazi. Ukongeza kubushushu, ezi magmas zikhupha i-CO2 namanzi, okunceda amatye azo zonke iintlobo anyibilike kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Kucingelwa ukuba izixa ezikhulu ze-basaltic magma zinokufakwa ezantsi kwelizwekazi kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-underplating. Njengoko ubushushu kunye nolwelo oluphuma kuloo basalt lukhutshwa kancinci, isixa esikhulu se-continental crust sinokuguquka sibe yi-granite ngaxeshanye.

Ifumaneka phi?

Okwangoku, kuyaziwa ukuba ifumaneka eMhlabeni kuphela kwiindawo zonke zehlabathi njengenxalenye yoqweqwe lwelizwekazi. Eli litye lifumaneka kwiindawo ezincinci, ezifana ne-stock ezingaphantsi kwe-100 km², okanye kwiindawo ze-batholiths eziyinxalenye yeentaba ze-orogenic. Kunye nezinye iindawokazi kunye namatye e-sedimentary, zihlala zenza isiseko se-slope engaphantsi komhlaba. Ikwafumaneka nakwii-lacolites, imisele kunye nemiphetho. Njengakwindlela yokwakheka kwe-granite, ezinye iintlobo zamatye zii-alpids kunye nee-pegmatites. Izincamathelisi ezinobukhulu obuncinci bee-particles kunezifumaneka kwimida yokuhlaselwa kwe-granitic. Ii-pegmatites ezininzi ze-granular kune-granite zihlala zabelana nge-granite deposits.

Ukusetyenziswa kweGranite

AmaYiputa amandulo akha iipiramidi ngeegranite kunye neelitye lekalika.
Ezinye izinto ezazisetyenziswa eYiputa yamandulo ziikholamu, iingcango, ii-sill, ii-moldings kunye neengubo zodonga kunye nomgangatho.
URajaraja Chola Ubukhosi baseChola eMzantsi India, ngenkulungwane ye-11 AD kwisixeko saseTanjore eIndiya, benza itempile yokuqala emhlabeni yaba yigranite ngokupheleleyo. ITempile yaseBrihadeeswarar, eyanikezelwa kwiNkosi uShiva, yakhiwa ngo-1010.
KuBukhosi baseRoma, igranite yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezinto zokwakha kunye nolwimi olukhulu lokwakha.
Isetyenziswa kakhulu njengelitye elikhulu. Isekelwe kwiingxolo, ibe lilitye eliluncedo ngenxa yesakhiwo salo elamkela ukuqina, ukukhazimla nokucwebezela ukuze lithwale ubunzima obucacileyo.
Isetyenziswa kwiindawo zangaphakathi kwiislabhu zegranite ezikhazimlisiweyo, iithayile, iibhentshi, imigangatho yethayile, izitebhisi kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo nezihombisayo.

Yanamhlanje

Isetyenziselwa amatye engcwaba kunye nezikhumbuzo.
Isetyenziselwa iinjongo zomgangatho.
Iinjineli bezisoloko zisebenzisa iipleyiti zomphezulu wegranite ezipholisiweyo ukwenza i-reference plane kuba azingeni manzi kwaye aziguquguquki.

Imveliso yeGranite

Iyembiwa kwihlabathi liphela kodwa uninzi lwemibala engaqhelekanga ivela kwiidiphozithi zegranite eBrazil, eIndiya, eTshayina, eFinland, eMzantsi Afrika naseMntla Melika. Olu mgodi wamatye yinkqubo enzima kakhulu nedinga imali eninzi. Iziqwenga zegranite zisuswa kwiidiphozithi ngokusika okanye ngokutshiza. Izilayi ezikhethekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukusika iziqwenga ezikhutshwe yigranite zibe ziipleyiti eziphathwayo, ezithi emva koko zipakishwe kwaye zithuthwe ngoololiwe okanye iinkonzo zokuthutha. ITshayina, iBrazil kunye neIndiya ngabavelisi begranite abaphambili kwihlabathi.

Isiphelo

Ilitye elaziwa ngokuba yi "black granite" lidla ngokuba yi-gabbro enesakhiwo sekhemikhali esahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.
Lelona litye lininzi kakhulu kumhlaba welizwekazi. Kwiindawo ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuba zii-batholiths nakwiindawo eziphambili zelizwekazi ezaziwa ngokuba zii-shields zifumaneka embindini weendawo ezininzi zeentaba.
Iikristale zeminerali zibonisa ukuba iphola kancinci kancinci kwizinto ezityhidiweyo zelitye ezenziwe phantsi komhlaba kwaye zifuna ixesha elide.
Ukuba igranite ivezwa kumphezulu woMhlaba, ibangelwa kukunyuka kwamatye egranite kunye nokukhukuliseka kwamatye e-sedimentary ngaphezu kwayo.
Phantsi kwamatye amdaka, iigranite, iigranite eziguqulweyo okanye amatye anxulumene nazo zihlala zingaphantsi kwesi sigqubuthelo. Kamva zaziwa ngokuba zii-basement rocks.
Iinkcazo ezisetyenziselwa igranite zihlala zikhokelela kunxibelelwano malunga nelitye kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zibangela ukudideka. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iinkcazo ezininzi ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokuchaza igranite.
Indlela elula ematyeni, kunye neeminerali zegranite, i-mica kunye ne-amphibole, ingachazwa njengelitye elirhabaxa, elikhaphukhaphu, elinoburhabaxa eliquka ikakhulu i-feldspar kunye ne-quartz.
Ingcali yamatye iya kuchaza ulwakhiwo oluchanekileyo lwelitye, kwaye uninzi lweengcali aluyi kusebenzisa igranite ukuchonga ilitye ngaphandle kokuba lifikelela kwipesenti ethile yeeminerali. Basenokulibiza ngokuba yi-alkaline granite, i-granodiorite, i-pegmatite okanye i-aplite.
Inkcazelo yezorhwebo esetyenziswa ngabathengisi nabathengi idla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamatye aqinileyo aqinileyo kunegranite. Bangayibiza ngokuba yigranite ye-gabro, i-basalt, i-pegmatite, i-gneiss kunye namanye amatye amaninzi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ichazwa njenge "litye lobukhulu" elinokunqunyulwa ngobude, ububanzi kunye nobukhulu obuthile.
I-granite inamandla ngokwaneleyo ukumelana nokukrweleka okuninzi, ubunzima obukhulu, ukumelana neemeko zemozulu kwaye yamkela ii-varnish. Lilitye elinqwenelekayo neliluncedo kakhulu.
Nangona ixabiso legranite liphezulu kakhulu kunexabiso lezinye izinto ezenziwe ngumntu kwiiprojekthi, lithathwa njengezinto ezidumileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphembelela abanye ngenxa yobuhle balo, ukuqina kwalo kunye nomgangatho walo.