Kutheni iGranite Surface Plate isisiseko esibalulekileyo seModern Precision Metrology?

Ukufuna ukuchaneka ngokupheleleyo kuchaza ubunjineli banamhlanje kunye nokuvelisa. Kwihlabathi apho ukunyamezelana kulinganiswa nge-intshi ezizizigidi, ukuthembeka kwesiseko sokulinganisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngelixa izixhobo zedijithali kunye nee-CMM eziphambili zifumana ingqalelo enkulu, ipleyiti yomphezulu ethobekileyo, e-monolithic—edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yitafile ye-granite metrology—ihlala isisiseko esingenakuphikiswa sokuhlolwa kobukhulu. Isebenza njengeplani yokugqibela yesalathiso, umzekelo wokwehluka okungenanto, apho zonke iigeyiji kunye nezinto zokusebenza kufuneka ziqinisekiswe khona. Ukuqonda isayensi, ukhetho, kunye nenkxaso efunekayo kwesi sixhobo sibalulekileyo kubalulekile kuyo nayiphi na indawo elwela umgangatho wehlabathi.

Isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo ze-Flatness: Kutheni iGranite?

Ukukhetha igranite akuyonto ingaqhelekanga; yiyo le nto ifunekayo ngokwejoloji nangokwesayensi. Kangangeenkulungwane, umgangatho wokuba tyaba ubuxhomekeke kwisinyithi esityhidiweyo, kodwa ukungazinzi okukhoyo, iimpawu zemagnethi, kunye nokuthambekela ekugqwaleni kwiipleyiti zesinyithi kwabangela imingeni eqhubekayo yokuchaneka. Igranite, ngakumbi i-diabase emnyama esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-metrology echanekileyo, inikezela ngesisombululo esingcono ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezine eziphambili zezinto:

1. Uzinzo lobushushu: I-Granite ine-Coefficient ephantsi kakhulu yokwandiswa kobushushu (CTE), edla ngokuba sisiqingatha sentsimbi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuguquguquka kobushushu okuncinci kwindawo yelebhu kunempembelelo encinci ekuthini tyaba kwepleyiti iyonke, ngokungafaniyo nentsimbi, eya kwanda ize inciphe kakhulu.

2. Ukuqina Kwendalo Nokungcangcazela: Ngenxa yobunzima bayo obukhulu kunye nesakhiwo sekristale, itafile ethe tyaba yegranite esemgangathweni ophezulu iyayithomalalisa ngokwendalo ingcangcazela. Kwimeko yokwenziwa kwemveliso exakekileyo, olu zinzo lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zokulinganisa azichaphazeleki yingxolo okanye intshukumo yangaphandle, nto leyo ebonelela ngeqonga elizolileyo nelizinzileyo lokulinganisa okunobuzaza.

3. Ayinamagnethi kwaye ayibolisi: Ngokungafaniyo nentsimbi, igranite ayinamagnethi kwaye ayizukubola okanye ibole. Oku kususa iinkxalabo malunga nokuphazamiseka kwemagnethi okuchaphazela izixhobo kwaye kwenza kube lula ukugcinwa, okuqinisekisa ubomi obude bokuthembeka.

4. Ukungqubana okuphantsi kunye nokuguguleka okuncinci: Xa ibhloko yomsebenzi okanye i-gauge ishukunyiswa phezu komphezulu, umxholo ophezulu we-quartz kwi-granite ubangela kuphela ukuqhekeka kwendawo endaweni yokuphuma kwaye kudalwe i-burr ephakanyisiweyo, njengoko kunokwenzeka kwisinyithi. Olu phawu luthetha ukuba ukuguguleka kwenzeka kancinci kwaye kuqikelelwe, kugcina umgangatho wokuchaneka ngokubanzi ixesha elide.

Umgangatho weGolide: Ukukhetha iPlate yoMphezulu oLungileyo

Iipleyiti zomphezulu zichazwa ngokwemilinganiselo yazo kunye nomgangatho wazo wokuchaneka. Iigreyiti ezintathu eziqhelekileyo, i-AA (iLabhoratri), i-A (uHlolo), kunye ne-B (iGumbi leZixhobo), zibonisa ukuphambuka okuvumelekileyo ukusuka ekuthambekeni kokwenyani, okuhlala kulinganiswa ngokweshumi le-intshi yewaka (0.0001 in) okanye ii-intshi ezincinci. Kwiimfuno ezininzi zokuhlolwa kwanamhlanje, ipleyiti enobukhulu obuphakathi enika ukuchaneka kunye nokuphatheka lula idla ngokufunwa.

Ipleyiti yomphezulu ye-24×36 mhlawumbi yenye yezona zikhululo ziguquguqukayo nezidumileyo kwi-metrology enobukhulu obuhlukeneyo. Ubukhulu bayo bulungelelene ngokupheleleyo: inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ikwazi ukuthwala izinto zokusebenza ezinkulu okanye useto lokuhlola oluninzi ngaxeshanye, kodwa iyakwazi ukulawuleka ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibekwe kwizikhululo zokuhlola ezizinikeleyo okanye ihanjiswe ngokulula xa ibekwe kwindawo ekhethekileyo. Kwiivenkile ezisebenza ngezixhobo ezinomthamo omkhulu, eziphakathi, ubungakanani be-$24 \times 36$ bunciphisa isidingo sokuhambisa icandelo kwipleyiti enkulu kakhulu, ukugcina umlinganiselo usondele embindini weplani yesalathiso apho izinto ezingqongileyo zingenampembelelo ingako.

Inkqubo yokwenza ipleyiti yomphezulu ngokwemigangatho engqongqo kangaka bubugcisa nesayensi, equka inkqubo yokuleqa enobuchule obuphezulu. Iislabhu zegranite eziluhlaza ziyasikwa, zigaywe, zize zileqeke ngocoselelo kwezinye iipleyiti ezintathu eziphambili kwinkqubo ephindaphindayo (eyaziwa ngokuba yindlela yepleyiti ezintathu) ukuze kufezekiswe ukunyamezelana okucacileyo kokuthe tyaba. Le nkqubo inzima yiyo enika ipleyiti igunya layo elisisiseko kwi-metrology.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yesitendi Seplati Yegranite

Ipleyiti yomphezulu, nokuba idibene ngokuchanekileyo kangakanani na, ichanekile kuphela njengoko isakhiwo sayo sokuxhasa sivumela. Ipleyiti engaxhaswanga kakuhle iya kujika ngoko nangoko phantsi kobunzima bayo kunye nobunzima bento yokusebenza, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umgangatho wayo wokuqinisekiswa ungasebenzi. Kulapho isitendi sepleyiti yegranite esizinikeleyo siba yinto engenakuphikiswana ngayo.

I-stand esemgangathweni yenzelwe ukubonelela ngenkxaso kwiindawo ezibaliweyo ze-Airy okanye ii-Bessel points zeplate—indawo ezithile ezinciphisa ukuphambuka nokuqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu ugcina uthambile xa uthwele umthwalo. Iimpawu ze-stand yobungcali ziquka:

• Ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo oludibeneyo: Ukuphelisa ukudluliselwa kokungcangcazela nokuqinisekisa uzinzo.

• Inkxaso yeNqanaba eliThathu: Izitendi zihlala zisebenzisa iinyawo ezintathu ezihlengahlengiswayo, eziqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokubambelela izinzile, engashukumiyo nokuba ikumgangatho ongalinganiyo. Oku kungaphezulu ngokwezibalo kuneenyawo ezine, nto leyo enokubangela uxinzelelo.

• IiCasters kunye neeLeveling Pads: Zokuhambahamba ngaphakathi kwelebhu, kunye neeLeveling Pads ezichanekileyo zokutshixa ipleyiti kwindawo yayo yokugqibela, ethe tye ngokugqibeleleyo.

I-stand ibalulekile kuyo yonke indlela yokulinganisa. Ayisiyotafile nje kuphela; yinkqubo yenkxaso eyilwe ngobuchule egcina ukuchaneka kwe-micro-intshi yomphezulu wesalathiso ongaphezulu kwayo. Ukungawunaki umgangatho we-stand kuyayiphazamisa yonke inkqubo yokulinganisa, kuguqula isixhobo sokuchaneka sibe yi-slab enzima.

Ukuqonda utyalo-mali: Ixabiso kunye nexabiso lePlate yeGranite yeSurface Plate

Kwabo banoxanduva lokusebenzisa imali eninzi, ixabiso legranite yepleyiti yomphezulu liyimfuneko. Kubalulekile ukujonga ixabiso lepleyiti yomphezulu yomgangatho ophezulu njengotyalo-mali lwexesha elide ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho, kungekhona njengeendleko ezingasetyenziswayo. Ixabiso liphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo:

• Ubukhulu kunye nobunzima: Iipleyiti ezinkulu ngokwendalo zifuna izinto eziluhlaza ngakumbi kwaye zifuna umsebenzi omninzi.

• Umgangatho Wokuchaneka: Okukhona umgangatho uphezulu (umz., i-AA vs. B), kokukhona kufuneka iiyure ezininzi zomsebenzi onobuchule kwinkqubo yokugqibela yokudibanisa, nto leyo enyusa iindleko.

• Izinto ezifakiweyo: Izinto ezifana nezinto zokufaka intsimbi ezinemisonto (zokufakelwa) okanye ii-T-slots ezikhethekileyo zifuna umatshini ochanekileyo.

• Isiqinisekiso: Isiqinisekiso sokulinganisa esilandelekayo nesizimeleyo songeza ixabiso kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho.

Nangona ibhentshi yokusebenzela yenjongo eqhelekileyo inokufaneleka kwimisebenzi yokuhlanganisa okanye engeyongomsebenzi ubalulekileyo, umahluko phakathi kwetafile elula yegranite flat kunye netafile yegranite metrology eqinisekisiweyo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekuthobeleni imigangatho yokuthamba (ASME B89.3.7 okanye elinganayo) kunye nomgangatho wesitendi seplate yegranite ehamba nayo. Ukutyala imali kwipleyiti engabizi kakhulu, engaqinisekiswanga ngokungenakuphepheka kukhokelela ekuvelisweni kweendawo ezingahambelaniyo, ekugqibeleni kubangele iindleko ezinkulu ngokuphinda kusetyenzwe, ukulahlwa, kunye nokonakala kwegama. Ixabiso lokwenyani lepleyiti yomphezulu womgangatho kukuqinisekiswa kokuzithemba komlinganiselo ekubonelelayo.

Ubude, Ukulinganiswa, kunye neSiqalelo soBuntu

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izixhobo ezininzi zanamhlanje ezixhomekeke kwisoftware kunye neendawo ezihambayo, ipleyiti yomphezulu sisixhobo esingenakuguqulwa, esingenakuguqulwa esenzelwe ukuhlala ixesha elide. Ngononophelo olufanelekileyo—kuquka ukusebenzisa iibrashi ezithambileyo kuphela xa ucoca, ukusebenzisa uboya obuncinci besicoci sepleyiti yomphezulu, kunye nokuphepha ukuwisa izixhobo—ipleyiti yegranite inokubonelela ngenkonzo ethembekileyo yamashumi eminyaka.

Nangona kunjalo, nezinto ezihlala ixesha elide ziyaguga. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezixhobo zokulinganisa kwiindawo ezithile, ingakumbi embindini, ekugqibeleni kuya kubangela ukurhawuzelelwa okuncinci, okukhokelela ekuphambukeni okuncinci ekuthambekeni. Oku kufuna ukulinganiswa okuqinisekisiweyo rhoqo. Ingcali yemetro eqeqeshiweyo isebenzisa i-autocollimator kunye namanqanaba e-elektroniki ukumakisha umphezulu wonke wepleyiti, iyithelekisa nomgangatho wokuqala. Le nkqubo ibalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa kwakhona iqinisekisa ukuba ipleyiti ihlala ngaphakathi komgangatho wayo ochaziweyo kwaye igcina igunya layo njengomgangatho wokulinganisa wesakhiwo.

Kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo le-metrology, apho yonke i-micro-intshi ibalwa khona, ipleyiti yomphezulu wegranite ayisiyonto nje yokuncedisa—sisisiseko esibalulekileyo. Igunya layo livela kwimithetho yefiziksi kunye nobunzima bokwenziwa kwayo. Kuyo nayiphi na intlangano ejonge ukuchaneka kokwenyani, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iplani yesalathiso enobukhulu obufanelekileyo nexhaswayo, njengemodeli ekhoyo yonke indawo engama-24 amaxesha angama-36, ikhona kwaye igcinwa rhoqo luphawu olucacileyo lokuzibophelela okungagungqiyo kumgangatho.