Iinkqubo ezilithoba zokubumba ngokuchanekileyo ze-zirconia ceramics

Iinkqubo ezilithoba zokubumba ngokuchanekileyo ze-zirconia ceramics
Inkqubo yokubumba idlala indima edibanisayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokulungiselela izinto zeseramikhi, kwaye ngundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kokusebenza kunye nokuphindaphinda kwemveliso yezinto zeseramikhi kunye nezinto.
Ngokuphuhla koluntu, indlela yendabuko yokuxova ngesandla, indlela yokwenza amavili, indlela yokugquma, njl.njl. yeeseramikhi zemveli azisakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu lwanamhlanje zemveliso kunye nokucoca, ngoko ke kwazalwa inkqubo entsha yokubumba. Izixhobo zeseramikhi ezintle ze-ZrO2 zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi ntlobo zi-9 zilandelayo zeenkqubo zokubumba (iintlobo ezi-2 zeendlela ezomileyo kunye neentlobo ezi-7 zeendlela ezimanzi):

1. Ukubumba okomileyo

1.1 Ukucinezela okomileyo

Ukucinezela okomileyo kusebenzisa uxinzelelo ukucinezela umgubo weseramikhi kwimo ethile yomzimba. Ingongoma yayo kukuba phantsi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle, amasuntswana omgubo ayasondelana kwimold, kwaye adityaniswe ngokuqinileyo kukungqubana kwangaphakathi ukugcina imo ethile. Isiphene esiphambili kwimizimba eluhlaza ecinezelweyo okomileyo kukuqhekeka, okubangelwa kukungqubana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwepowders kunye nokungqubana phakathi kwepowders kunye nodonga lwemold, okubangela ukulahleka koxinzelelo ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

Iingenelo zokucinezela okomileyo kukuba ubungakanani bomzimba oluhlaza buchanekile, umsebenzi ulula, kwaye kulula ukwenza umsebenzi oomatshini; umxholo womswakama kunye ne-binder kwi-green dry pressing uncinci, kwaye ukomisa nokutshisa kuncinci. Isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza iimveliso ezineemilo ezilula, kwaye umlinganiselo womda uncinci. Ixabiso lemveliso elonyukileyo elibangelwa kukuguguleka kwesikhunta yingxaki yokucinezela okomileyo.

1.2 Ukucinezela kwe-Isostatic

Ukucinezela i-isostatic yindlela ekhethekileyo yokwenza izinto eyenziwe ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokucinezela yendabuko eyomileyo. Isebenzisa uxinzelelo lokudlulisa ulwelo ukufaka uxinzelelo ngokulinganayo kumgubo ongaphakathi kwisikhunta esithambileyo ukusuka kuzo zonke iindlela. Ngenxa yokungaguquguquki koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lolwelo, umgubo uthwala uxinzelelo olufanayo kuzo zonke iindlela, ngoko ke umahluko kubuninzi bomzimba oluhlaza unokuthintelwa.

Ukucinezela kwe-Isostatic kwahlulwe kwaba yi-wet bag isostatic pressing kunye ne-dry bag isostatic pressing. Ukucinezela kwe-Wet bag isostatic kunokwenza iimveliso ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa kunokusebenza ngamaxesha athile kuphela. Ukucinezela kwe-Dry bag isostatic kunokwenza ukusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo okuqhubekayo, kodwa kunokwenza kuphela iimveliso ezineemilo ezilula ezifana nezikwere, ezijikelezileyo, kunye nezimbobo ezinqamlezileyo. Ukucinezela kwe-Isostatic kunokufumana umzimba oluhlaza ofanayo noxineneyo, kunye nokuncitshiswa okuncinci kokudubula kunye nokuncitshiswa okufanayo kuzo zonke iindlela, kodwa izixhobo zinzima kwaye zibiza kakhulu, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso akuphezulu, kwaye kufanelekile kuphela ukuvelisa izixhobo ezineemfuno ezizodwa.

2. Ukwakheka okumanzi

2.1 Ukudibanisa imigca
Inkqubo yokubumba i-grouting ifana ne-tape casting, umahluko kukuba inkqubo yokubumba ibandakanya inkqubo yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye nenkqubo yokujiya kweekhemikhali. Ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kususa amanzi kwi-slurry ngesenzo se-capillary se-mold ye-gypsum eneembobo. I-Ca2+ eveliswa kukunyibilika komphezulu we-CaSO4 yonyusa amandla e-ionic e-slurry, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-slurry iqhume.
Phantsi kwesenzo sokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye nokuxinana kweekhemikhali, amasuntswana omgubo weseramikhi abekwa eludongeni lwe-gypsum mold. I-Grouting ifanelekile ukulungiselela iindawo ezinkulu zeseramikhi ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa umgangatho womzimba oluhlaza, kubandakanya imo, uxinano, amandla, njl.njl., awulunganga, amandla abasebenzi aphezulu, kwaye ayifanelekanga kwimisebenzi ezenzekelayo.

2.2 Ukuphosa idayisi eshushu
I-Hot die casting kukuxuba umgubo we-ceramic kunye ne-binder (iparafini) kubushushu obuphezulu (60~100℃) ukuze kufunyanwe i-slurry ye-hot die casting. I-slurry ifakwe kwi-mold yesinyithi phantsi kwesenzo somoya ocinezelweyo, kwaye uxinzelelo luhlala luhleli. Iphola, isusa ukuze kufunyanwe i-wax engenanto, i-wax engenanto iyasuswa phantsi kokhuseleko lwe-inert powder ukuze kufunyanwe umzimba oluhlaza, kwaye umzimba oluhlaza uyatshiswa kubushushu obuphezulu ukuze ube yi-porcelain.

Umzimba oluhlaza owenziwe yi-hot die casting unobukhulu obuchanekileyo, ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi olufanayo, ukuguguleka okuncinci kokubola kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kwaye ufanelekile kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ubushushu be-wax slurry kunye ne-mold kufuneka bulawulwe ngokungqongqo, kungenjalo kuya kubangela ukuba phantsi kwe-injection okanye i-deformation, ngoko ke ayifanelekanga ukuvelisa iindawo ezinkulu, kwaye inkqubo yokudubula enamanyathelo amabini iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu.

2.3 Ukuphoswa kweteyiphu
Ukuphoswa kwetayiphu kukuxuba ngokupheleleyo umgubo weseramikhi kunye nezixa ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezidityanisiweyo, iiplastiki, izisasazi, njl.njl. ukuze kufunyanwe i-slurry ethambileyo nethambileyo, yongeza i-slurry kwi-hopper yomatshini wokuphoswa, kwaye usebenzise i-scraper ukulawula ubukhulu. Iphuma iye kwibhanti yokuhambisa nge-nozzle yokutya, kwaye i-film blank ifunyanwa emva kokuba yomile.

Le nkqubo ifanelekile ekulungiseleleni izixhobo zefilimu. Ukuze kubekho ukuguquguquka okungcono, kongezwa inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, kwaye kufuneka kulawulwe ngokungqongqo iiparameter zenkqubo, kungenjalo kuya kubangela ngokulula iziphene ezifana nokuxobuka, imicu, amandla aphantsi efilimu okanye ukuxobuka okunzima. Izinto eziphilayo ezisetyenzisiweyo ziyingozi kwaye ziya kubangela ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye inkqubo engenabungozi okanye engenabungozi kangako kufuneka isetyenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

2.4 Ukubumba ijeli ngenaliti
Itekhnoloji yokubumba ijeli ngenaliti yinkqubo entsha ye-colloidal rapid prototyping eyaqalwa ngabaphandi kwi-Oak Ridge National Laboratory ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990. Eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ze-organic monomer ezipolima zibe ziijeli ze-polymer-solvent ezinamandla aphezulu, ezidityaniswe ecaleni.

I-slurry ye-ceramic powder enyibilikiswe kwisisombululo se-organic monomers iphoswa kwi-mold, kwaye umxube we-monomer upholisha ukuze wenze inxalenye ye-gel. Ekubeni i-polymer-solvent edityaniswe ecaleni ine-10%–20% (mass fraction) polymer kuphela, kulula ukususa i-solvent kwinxalenye ye-gel ngenyathelo lokomisa. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yoqhagamshelo olusecaleni lwee-polymers, ii-polymers azikwazi ukuhamba kunye ne-solvent ngexesha lenkqubo yokomisa.

Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iindawo zeseramikhi ezinesigaba esinye kunye nezidibeneyo, ezinokwenza iindawo zeseramikhi ezimile okwentsonkothileyo, ezinobukhulu obufana nobomnatha, kwaye amandla ayo aluhlaza aphezulu njenge-20-30Mpa okanye ngaphezulu, ezinokucutshungulwa kwakhona. Ingxaki ephambili yale ndlela kukuba izinga lokuncitshiswa komzimba we-embryo liphezulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuxinana, nto leyo ekhokelela ngokulula ekuguqulweni komzimba we-embryo; ezinye ii-monomers ze-organic zinokuthintela i-oxygen, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umphezulu uxobuke kwaye uwe; ngenxa yenkqubo ye-organic monomer polymerization ebangelwa bubushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukucheba kobushushu kukhokelela ekubeni kubekho uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iindawo ezingenanto ziqhekeke njalo njalo.

2.5 Ukubumba inaliti yokuqinisa ngokuthe ngqo
Ukubumba inaliti ngqo yiteknoloji yokubumba eyenziwe yi-ETH Zurich: amanzi anyibilikayo, umgubo weseramikhi kunye nezongezo zendalo zixutywe ngokupheleleyo ukuze zenze i-slurry eqinileyo ngombane, ene-viscosity ephantsi, enomthamo ophezulu oqinileyo, enokutshintshwa ngokongeza i-Slurry pH okanye iikhemikhali ezonyusa uxinano lwe-electrolyte, emva koko i-slurry ifakwe kwi-mold engenazimbobo.

Lawula inkqubela phambili yeempendulo zeekhemikhali ngexesha lenkqubo. Impendulo ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe inaliti yenziwa kancinci, i-viscosity ye-slurry igcinwa iphantsi, kwaye impendulo ikhawuleziswa emva kokuba kufakwe inaliti, i-slurry iyaqina, kwaye i-slurry yolwelo iguqulwa ibe ngumzimba oqinileyo. Umzimba oluhlaza ofunyenweyo uneempawu ezilungileyo zoomatshini kwaye amandla anokufikelela kwi-5kPa. Umzimba oluhlaza uyasuswa, womiswe kwaye utshiswe ukuze wenze inxalenye ye-ceramic yesimo esifunekayo.

Iingenelo zayo kukuba ayidingi okanye ayifuni kuphela inani elincinci lezongezo zendalo (ngaphantsi kwe-1%), umzimba oluhlaza akufuneki ususwe amafutha, uxinano lomzimba oluhlaza luyafana, uxinano oluhambelanayo luphezulu (55% ~ 70%), kwaye inokwenza iindawo zeseramikhi ezinkulu nezintsonkothileyo. Ubunzima bayo kukuba izongezo zibiza kakhulu, kwaye igesi ikhutshwa ngokubanzi ngexesha lokusabela.

2.6 Ukubumba ngenaliti
Ukubumba ngenaliti kudala kusetyenziselwa ukubumba iimveliso zeplastiki kunye nokubumba iingceba zesinyithi. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ukubumba nge-thermoplastic organics ngobushushu obuphantsi okanye ukubumba nge-thermosetting organics ngobushushu obuphezulu. Umgubo kunye ne-organic carrier zixutywa kwisixhobo sokuxuba esikhethekileyo, emva koko zifakwe kwi-mold phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu (amashumi ukuya kumakhulu e-MPa). Ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu lokubumba, ii-blanks ezifunyenweyo zinobukhulu obuchanekileyo, ukuguda okuphezulu kunye nesakhiwo esincinci; ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubumba ezikhethekileyo kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, inkqubo yokubumba ngenaliti yayisetyenziswa ekubumbeni iindawo zeseramikhi. Le nkqubo ifezekisa ukubumba ngeplastiki kwezinto ezingenanto ngokongeza inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, eliyinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokubumba ngeplastiki yeseramikhi. Kwiteknoloji yokubumba ngenaliti, ukongeza ekusebenziseni izinto eziphilayo zethermoplastic (ezifana nepolyethylene, ipolystyrene), izinto eziphilayo zethermosetting (ezifana ne-epoxy resin, i-phenolic resin), okanye iipolymers ezinyibilikayo emanzini njengesixhobo esiphambili, kuyimfuneko ukongeza ubungakanani obuthile bezinto ezincedisayo kwinkqubo ezifana neeplastiki, izinto zokuthambisa kunye neearhente zokudibanisa ukuphucula ukunyibilika kokumisa ngenaliti yeseramikhi nokuqinisekisa umgangatho womzimba obumba ngenaliti.

Inkqubo yokubumba ngenaliti ineengenelo zomgangatho ophezulu wokuzenzekela kunye nobukhulu obuchanekileyo besithuba esingenanto yokubumba. Nangona kunjalo, umxholo wezinto eziphilayo emzimbeni oluhlaza wezinto zeseramikhi ezibunjwe ngenaliti ufikelela kwi-50vol%. Kuthatha ixesha elide, kwaneentsuku ezininzi ukuya kwiintsuku ezininzi, ukususa ezi zinto eziphilayo kwinkqubo elandelayo yokusila, kwaye kulula ukubangela iziphene zomgangatho.

2.7 Ukubumba inaliti yeColloidal
Ukuze kusonjululwe iingxaki zobuninzi bezinto eziphilayo ezongeziweyo kunye nobunzima bokususa ubunzima kwinkqubo yendabuko yokubumba inaliti, iYunivesithi yaseTsinghua ngokuyila icebise inkqubo entsha yokubumba inaliti ye-colloidal yeeseramikhi, kwaye yaphuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo iprototype yokubumba inaliti ye-colloidal ukuze kufezekiswe ukufakwa kwe-slurry yeseramikhi engenazintsholongwane.

Ingcamango esisiseko kukudibanisa i-colloidal molding kunye ne-injection molding, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokujova ezizimeleyo kunye netekhnoloji entsha yokulungisa ebonelelwa yinkqubo yokubumba ye-colloidal in-situ solidification. Le nkqubo intsha isebenzisa ngaphantsi kwe-4wt.% yezinto eziphilayo. Inani elincinci lee-organic monomers okanye ii-organic compounds kwi-water-based suspension lisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ngokukhawuleza i-polymerization yee-organic monomers emva kokufakwa kwi-mold ukuze kwenziwe i-organic network skeleton, esonga ngokulinganayo umgubo we-ceramic. Phakathi kwazo, akupheleli nje ngexesha lokukhupha i-degumming lifinyezwa kakhulu, kodwa nethuba lokuqhekeka kwe-degumming lincitshisiwe kakhulu.

Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kokubumba ngenaliti kwi-ceramics kunye nokubumba nge-colloidal. Umahluko ophambili kukuba owokuqala ungowodidi lokubumba ngeplastiki, kwaye owokugqibela ungowokubumba nge-slurry, oko kukuthi, i-slurry ayina-plasticity kwaye yinto engenamsebenzi. Ngenxa yokuba i-slurry ayina-plasticity kwi-colloidal molding, ingcamango yendabuko yokubumba ngenaliti ye-ceramic ayinakwamkelwa. Ukuba ukubumba nge-colloidal kudityaniswe nokubumba ngenaliti, ukubumba ngenaliti ye-colloidal yezinto ze-ceramic kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokubumba ngenaliti kunye netekhnoloji entsha yokunyanga ebonelelwa yinkqubo yokubumba nge-colloidal in-situ.

Inkqubo entsha yokubumba i-colloidal injection yeseramikhi yahlukile kwi-colloidal molding eqhelekileyo kunye ne-injection yendabuko. Inzuzo ye-otomatiki ephezulu yokubumba yi-sublimation esemgangathweni yenkqubo yokubumba i-colloidal, eya kuba lithemba lokuphuhliswa kwe-ceramics zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.