Isiseko soMatshini weGranite oQondisiweyo: Iingenelo, usetyenziso kunye nesikhokelo soyilo

Ezi azizo imilenze yetafile ye-optical katatomkhulu wakho. Iziseko ze-granite zanamhlanje zoomatshini zizinto ezicwangciswe ngokuchanekileyo ezinokutshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela ezisebenza ngayo izixhobo zakho phantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokushukuma kwexesha elide. Nokuba uchaza isiseko se-granite se-CMM, iziko loomatshini be-CNC, okanye inkqubo yokuhlola i-optical, ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abavelisi bekhetha i-granite rhoqo kunezixhobo zesiqhelo kwahlula uyilo oluhle kolukhulu.

Isiseko somatshini wegranite echanekileyo siqonga elenziwe ngelitye lendalo—ngesiqhelo i-diabase emnyama okanye i-anorthosite—esebenza njengesiseko sezixhobo ezifuna uzinzo olukhethekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nentsimbi ephosiweyo okanye intsimbi edibeneyo, igranite inikezela ngokudibanisa okungaphakathi kweempawu ezitsala nzima ukufana nezinto zokwenziwa ngaxeshanye.

Le nto ibisoloko iphantsi komhlaba kangangezigidi zeminyaka, igugile ngokwendalo kwaye ayinaxinzelelo. Xa ikhutshwa kwaye igutyungelwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuya kwinqanaba le-micron, ifika kwindawo yakho ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi—into ethatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka yesinyithi ukuze ifezekiswe ngokuguga okwenziweyo. Oku kuvuthwa kwejoloji kuguqulela ngqo kwinyani yokwenziwa: isiseko somatshini wegranite asiyi kugoba, sijijeke, okanye siphuhlise ukushukuma okulinganayo njengoko siguga.

Amaziko oomatshini be-CNC, oomatshini bokulinganisa abalungelelanisiweyo, iinkqubo ze-laser, amaqonga okuhlola okubonakalayo, kunye nee-CT scanners zemizi-mveliso zonke zixhomekeke kwezi ziseko. Isiseko senza okungaphezulu kokuxhasa ubunzima nje kuphela—sibonelela ngeplani yesalathiso esizinzileyo kubushushu, esithomalalisa ukungcangcazela, esingengombane esakhiwa phezu kwezinye izinto.

Umsantsa wokusebenza phakathi kwegranite kunye nezinto zesiqhelo awuncinci. Ubalulekile kwiiparameter ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Uzinzo lobushushu luyinzuzo enkulu yegranite. Ngomlinganiselo wokwanda kobushushu we-4.5×10⁻⁶/°C kuphela, igranite isabela kutshintsho lobushushu olucothayo ngokuphindwe kangama-40 kunentsimbi ephoswe ngentsimbi. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuthetha ukuba igranite ikhula ngaphantsi ngama-80% kunentsimbi kunye nama-75% ngaphantsi kune-aluminium xa ivezwa kubushushu obufanayo. Kwizixhobo ezisebenza kwiindawo ezingalawulwa yimozulu, okanye oomatshini abavelisa ubushushu babo ngexesha lokusebenza, olu xinzelelo lobushushu lunokuba ngumahluko phakathi kokugcina ukunyamezelana kunye nokuphuma ngaphandle kwe-spec.

Cinga ngeziko loomatshini eliqhelekileyo eliqhuba umjikelo weeyure ezi-4. Iziseko zesinyithi ezibunjiweyo zifunxa ubushushu kumatshini, ukutshiza kwe-coolant, kunye nokutshintsha kwe-ambient, nto leyo eyandisa kancinci kancinci kwaye iguqula indawo ye-spindle. Isiseko se-granite sifunxa loo mandla afanayo obushushu kodwa sihamba kancinci kumgama, sigcina indlela yesixhobo sakho iyinyani.

Ukudambisa ukungcangcazela kulandela njengomahluko wesibini ophambili. I-Granite ibonisa umlinganiselo wokudambisa phakathi kwe-0.012 kunye ne-0.015—malunga nokuphindwe kalishumi kune-0.001 yentsimbi ephoswe ngentsimbi. Ngokwendlela esebenzayo, oku kuthetha ukuba i-granite inciphisa amandla okungcangcazela kuluhlu olubalulekileyo lwe-50-500 Hz malunga ne-95%. Izixhobo zoomatshini zisika ngesantya esiphezulu se-spindle, oomatshini bokulinganisa abalungelelanisayo abaqhuba imijikelo yokuphonononga, kunye neenkqubo ze-optical zonke ziyazuza ekudlulisweni okuncitshisiweyo kokungcangcazela. Isiseko sisebenza njengesifunxi-mandla sendalo, sahlula izinto ezinobuthathaka ekungcangcazeleni kwendalo ngelixa sithintela ukungcangcazela okwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba kungasasazeki kwisakhiwo.

Uzinzo lobukhulu luvela kwimbali ye-granite geological endaweni yenkqubo yokuvelisa. Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zivela emhlabeni onzulu phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nobushushu, emva koko zapholiswa ngexesha le-geological. Akukho xinzelelo lokuphosa olusele lufihliweyo kwisakhiwo sekristale olulindele ukukhululwa. Isiseko somatshini we-granite sivela kwindawo yokumba ngokusisiseko sizinzile njengoko siya kuhlala sinjalo—utshintsho lobukhulu ngokuhamba kwamashumi eminyaka lulinganiswa ngee-nanometers, kungekhona ii-microns.

Ngaphaya kwezi nzuzo ziphambili, i-granite inika ukumelana nokugqwala (ayiyi kugqwala njengentsimbi ephosiweyo okanye isabelane nezinto ezipholileyo), iipropati ezingezizo zemagnethi (ezibalulekileyo kwi-electron microscopy kunye ne-magnetic resonance applications), kunye nokungaqhubi kakuhle (okubonelela ngendawo yombane ezolileyo kwiisensa ezibuthathaka).

Ukuqonda amanani kunceda iinjineli ukuba zenze izigqibo ezichanekileyo malunga neenkcukacha.

Uxinano lwegranite ludla ngokuba phakathi kwe-2970 kunye ne-3070 kg/m³, nto leyo enika ubunzima obukhulu ngaphandle kokusebenza kwelead okanye ixabiso le-tungsten. Amandla okucinezela aqala kwi-245 ukuya kwi-254 N/mm², anele ukuxhasa izixhobo zoshishino ngelixa ehlala esetyenziswa ngezixhobo zedayimani.

Ukuqina kubhalwa eShore 70 nangaphezulu kwisikali se-durometer. Olu bunzima buthetha ukuba i-granite ayikwazi ukukrwela nokuguguleka, igcina umgangatho womphezulu iminyaka yokubekwa kwecandelo, utshintsho lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nemijikelo yokucoca. I-modulus ye-Young ifikelela kwi-60-100 GPa, inika i-granite ukuqina okuthile (i-elastic modulus eyahlulwe ngobuninzi) malunga ne-28.3—iphezulu kakhulu kune-cast iron eyi-17.4. Ngamafutshane: ngobunzima obunikiweyo, i-granite ayijiki kakhulu phantsi komthwalo.

Iziseko zegranite zahlulwe ngokwe-flatness tolerance, ezilinganiswa ngee-micrometers ngemitha nganye. La manqanaba ahambelana ngqo neemfuno zokusetyenziswa:

Ibanga le-AA (000) limele inqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka, kunye nokunyamezela ukuthamba kwe-4 μm/m okanye ngaphezulu. Ezi ziseko zisebenza kwiilebhu ze-metrology, kwizibonelelo zokulinganisa, nakwiziko lophando apho ukulinganiswa kwe-sub-micrometer kuqhelekile. Ulawulo lobushushu kwezi ndawo ludla ngokuba yi-±1°C okanye luqine ngakumbi.

Ukunyamezelana kweBanga A (0) kufikelela kwi-8 μm/m, kufanelekile kwiindawo zokusebenzela zokwenza izinto ngokuchanekileyo, ezikumgangatho ophezuluAmaziko oomatshini be-CNC, kunye neendawo zokuhlola umgangatho. Olu didi lulinganisa iindleko zokuvelisa kunye neemfuno zokusebenza kwiizicelo ezininzi zokuchaneka kwezorhwebo.

Ibanga B (1) lilungele ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi apho ukuthamba ngokupheleleyo kungabalulekanga kangako kunokungaguquguquki kunye nokuqina. Ezi ziseko zisebenza njengeziseko zezixhobo zoomatshini, iijig kunye nezixhobo, kunye namaqonga okuhlanganisa apho ukunyamezelana kulinganiswa ngokweshumi endaweni yeekhulu.

Imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ilawula olu hlulo. I-ISO 8512-2 ibonelela ngesakhelo saseYurophu, ngelixa i-ASME B89.3.7-2013, i-DIN 876, kunye ne-GB/T 25994-2010 zijongana neemarike zaseMelika, zaseJamani, nezaseTshayina ngokulandelelana. I-ISO 10791-1 icacisa ngakumbi iimfuno zokuchaneka kwejometri kwiindawo zoomatshini.

Ukuchaza isiseko segranite kubandakanya okungaphezulu kokukhetha ubungakanani kwikhathalogu. Uyilo olucingisisiweyo luqwalasela inkqubo epheleleyo kunokusebenza kwecandelo elizimeleyo.

Uyilo olunemilinganiselo kufuneka lulungelelanise indawo ebekwe kuyo izixhobo kunye nomda owaneleyo. Umphezulu wokufakelwa kufuneka ugqume ngokupheleleyo isiseko sezixhobo, uthintele uxinzelelo oluhlala kwindawo ethile kwimiphetho ejingayo. Ukufakela okukhulu, cinga ngeendlela zokufikelela kwiintambo, imigca yokupholisa, kunye nemisebenzi yokulungisa.

Iipateni kunye neempawu zemingxunya zifuna ukulungelelaniswa ngononophelo nabavelisi bezixhobo. Imingxunya yokufaka enemisonto kufuneka ihambelane nezinto zokufaka zomatshini—ngesiqhelo ngokusasazwa ngokulinganayo ukuze kuphuculwe ubulukhuni be-torsional. Izicelo ezininzi zibandakanya ii-T-slots zokulungisa izinto eziguquguqukayo, iipateni zegridi ye-vacuum zokubopha izinto zomsebenzi, okanye imiphetho yedatum echanekileyo yomatshini ukuze kubhekiselwe kwiindawo ezithile.

Ukulungiswa kobunzima ngokusebenzisa i-interior ribbing okanye i-pocket machining kunciphisa iindleko zezinto kunye neendleko zokuthumela ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukuqina apho kubalulekile khona. Injongo kukuqina okuphezulu kwiindlela zomthwalo kunye nobunzima obuncinci naphi na kwenye indawo.

Ukukhethwa konyango lomphezulu kuxhomekeke kwindlela oyisebenzisa ngayo. Imiphezulu yomhlaba eqhelekileyo isebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi, ngelixa ukugqitywa kwedayimani kufikelela kwi-surface roughness (Ra) phakathi kwe-0.1 kunye ne-0.4 μm kwizicelo ze-optical kunye ne-metrology. Ukuvalwa okukhuselekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-nano-silicone impregnation kunciphisa ukufunxwa kwamanzi ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.01%—kubalulekile kwiindawo ezinokuguquguquka komswakama.

Ezinye izicelo zisebenzisa iipropati zegranite kakuhle kakhulu.

Iziko loomatshini be-CNC ezisebenzisa iindlela zokusika eziqinileyo zixhamla kwi-granite's vibration damping kunye nokuzinza kobushushu. Isiseko sifunxa amandla okusika kwaye sinciphise incoko yetafile ngelixa simelana nokushukuma kobushushu okunokukhupha iindawo ekunyamezeleni ngexesha lokubaleka iiyure ezininzi.

Oomatshini bokulinganisa abadibeneyo bafuna ukuchaneka okugqithisileyo kwendawo. Naluphi na ukunyakaza kokungcangcazela okanye ubushushu buguqulela ngqo kwimpazamo yokulinganisa. Isiseko segranite sinika indawo ezinzileyo yesalathiso evumela ii-CMM ukuba zinikezele ukungaqiniseki kwazo kokulinganisa okuchaziweyo.

Izixhobo zokwenza i-semiconductor zisebenza ngokwemilinganiselo elinganiswe kwiinanometers. Izixhobo zeLithography, amaqonga okuhlola i-wafer, kunye nezikhululo zeprobe zonke zifuna iziseko ezingayi kunika mpembelelo kwimpazamo yesikhundla njengoko izixhobo zijikeleza ngobushushu. Indalo yeGranite yokungabi namandla ombane ikwasusa iinkxalabo malunga nongcoliseko lwemagnethi kwiindawo ezicocekileyo.

Iinkqubo ze-optical kunye ne-laser ziyazuza kukungabikho kokuphazamiseka kwe-magnetic kwi-granite. Ukusila iilensi ze-optical, i-laser machining, kunye ne-interferometric metrology zonke zisebenza ngcono kumaqonga azimeleyo, azinzileyo kubushushu angenawo uphawu lwe-magnetic.

Ii-scanner ze-CT zemizi-mveliso zinika umzekelo onomdla. Ngokungafaniyo neziseko zesinyithi, i-granite ivumela ii-X-ray ukuba zidlule ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu, nto leyo esusa izinto eziqinisa imisebe eziya kuphazamisa umgangatho we-scanner.

Ukuqonda indlela ezenziwe ngayo iziseko zegranite kunceda ekubekeni ulindelo olusengqiqweni lomgangatho kunye nexesha lokuqalisa.

Iibhloko eziluhlaza ezihlangabezana neemfuno ze-ASTM C615 zeBanga A zikhethwa ngononophelo ukuze zifane iiminerali kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo. Ezi bhloko emva koko zingena kwinkqubo yokunciphisa uxinzelelo olude—ngesiqhelo iinyanga ezintandathu zokwaluphala kwendalo zilandelwa ziiyure ezingama-72 zokujikeleza kobushushu kwi-80°C. Le nkqubo ikhawulezisa ukususwa kwazo naziphi na iingcinezelo ezishiyekileyo ezivela ekutsalweni nasekusetyenzisweni kokuqala.

Umatshini wokugaya we-CNC one-axis ezintlanu ufikelela ekuchanekeni kokubekwa kwe-±0.01 mm okanye ngaphezulu. Amavili okugaya edayimani acoca umphezulu ngokuthe ngcembe ngokusebenzisa amanqanaba amaninzi omhlaba, aphela ngokupholisha ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kufunyanwe ukutyibilika kokugqibela. Ukuqinisekiswa komphezulu kusebenzisa i-laser interferometry—izixhobo ezifana neenkqubo zeRenishaw XL-80—ukuqinisekisa umgangatho we-metrology.

Unyango lokugqibela lokutywina lukhusela umphezulu ekufunxweni komswakama nasekuhlaselweni ziikhemikhali, nto leyo eyandisa ubomi benkonzo kwiindawo ezinzima.

Isiseko segranite esichanekileyo sifuna ukugcinwa okuncinci ngendlela emangalisayo, kodwa ukulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwandisa ubomi benkonzo kwaye kugcina ukuchaneka.

Ukucoca rhoqo usebenzisa iibhrashi ezithambileyo okanye izihlanganisi ze-vacuum kususa ungcoliseko lwamasuntswana. Kwizimbobo okanye iminwe, sula ngamanzi acocekileyo kunye namalaphu angena-lint. Ukuchitheka kweoyile okanye i-coolant kusabela kakuhle kwi-isopropyl alcohol, kulandele ukuhlanjwa ngamanzi acocekileyo kunye nokomiswa komoya wendalo.

Iimeko zendalo zichaphazela kakhulu uzinzo lwexesha elide. Ukugcina amaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-20±5°C kunye nokufuma okumalunga nama-40-60% kunciphisa iziphumo zokujikeleza kobushushu kwaye kuthintela imiba enxulumene nokufuma. Iziseko zeBanga 00 kwizicelo zemetrology kufuneka ziphinde ziqinisekiswe rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, ngelixa iziseko zeBanga 0 kwiindawo zemveliso zihlala zifuna ukuqinisekiswa konyaka.

Ungaze utyibilize izinto phezu komphezulu—oku kungenisa imikrwelo emincinci eqokelelana ngokuhamba kwexesha. Soloko uphakamisa kwaye ubeke.

Zininzi izinto ezibangela isigqibo seenkcukacha.

Iimfuneko zokuchaneka kwesicelo zimisela ubuncinci bebakala. Ukuba i-CMM yakho ichaza ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo we-±2 μm, udinga isiseko seBakala le-AA—hayi kuba isiseko sinegalelo kwibhajethi yonke yempazamo, kodwa kuba iimpazamo eziqokelelweyo ezivela kwimithombo emininzi kufuneka zingene ngaphakathi kuyo.

Iimeko zokusingqongileyo zinefuthe ekukhethweni kwezinto kunye neemfuno zeempawu. Iindawo ezifumileyo ziyazuza kwiindlela zokutywina eziphuculweyo. Iindawo ezingazinzanga kubushushu zixhasa uzinzo lwegranite. Iindawo ezingakhuselekanga zinokufuna iipropati ezingezizo zemagnethi zegranite.

Imida yobukhulu kunye nobunzima ichaphazela iimfuno zothutho kunye nokufakelwa. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bekhathalogu ukusuka kwi-400×400 mm ukuya kwi-3000×5000 mm bugubungela uninzi lwezicelo, kunye nobukhulu obukhethekileyo obufumanekayo bokufakelwa okukhethekileyo. Iziseko ezinzima zinokufuna ukuqinisa ulwakhiwo lwemigangatho exhasayo kunye nezixhobo zokuphakamisa ezikhethekileyo.

Ixesha kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusebenzayo zihlala zinefuthe kwizigqibo. Iziseko zomgangatho oqhelekileyo ezineempawu ezifanayo zihlala zithunyelwa ngaphakathi kweeveki ezi-4-8, ngelixa ulungelelwaniso olwenziwe ngokwezifiso okanye amanqaku achanekileyo kakhulu anokuthatha iiveki ezili-12-16. Ukwakha ubudlelwane nabavelisi kwasekuqaleni kwenkqubo yoyilo kuthintela ukumangaliswa kweshedyuli.

Icandelo lezinto zegranite ezichanekileyo liyaqhubeka nokukhula malunga ne-6.8% ngonyaka, liqhutywa kukwandiswa kweshishini le-semiconductor, ukuveliswa kwezithuthi zombane ezifuna amandla amatsha oomatshini bokuchwetheza ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nezicelo ezintsha zekhompyutha ye-quantum ezifuna ukwahlukana okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kobushushu kunye nokungcangcazela.

Abavelisi bezixhobo baya beqonda ngakumbi ukuba isiseko simisela isilingi sokusebenza kwenkqubo. Ukutyala imali kwiziseko zegranite ezisemgangathweni kuqala kuxabisa imali encinci kuneziseko zokulungisa emva kokuba kuvela iingxaki zokusebenza.

Iziseko zoomatshini begranite zimele iteknoloji evuthiweyo eqhubeka nokufumana usetyenziso olutsha njengoko iimfuno zokuchaneka zisanda kumashishini. Indibaniselwano eyahlukileyo yezixhobo zokuzinza kobushushu, ukuxinana kokungcangcazela, kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide kujongana nemingeni yefiziksi esisiseko ejongene neenjineli nokuba zingakanani na amandla ekhompyutha ezinawo kwiinkqubo zabo.

Kwinkcukacha zakho ezilandelayo zezixhobo ezichanekileyo, cinga ukuba izibonelelo zegranite ziyahambelana na neemfuno zakho zesicelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukhetho lwendalo luba lolo hlobo—igranite yendalo.