Yintoni umatshini wokulinganisa olungelelanisiweyo?

Aumatshini wokulinganisa olungelelanisiweyo(CMM) sisixhobo esilinganisa ijiyometri yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokubona amanqaku ahlukeneyo kumphezulu wento ngeprobe. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeprobe zisetyenziswa kwiCMM, kuquka i-mechanical, i-optical, i-laser, kunye nokukhanya okumhlophe. Ngokuxhomekeke kumatshini, indawo yeprobe inokulawulwa ngesandla ngumsebenzisi okanye inokulawulwa yikhompyutha. IiCMM zihlala zichaza indawo yeprobe ngokwendlela efuduka ngayo ukusuka kwindawo yesalathiso kwinkqubo yeCartesian coordinate enemilinganiselo emithathu (oko kukuthi, ngee-axes ze-XYZ). Ukongeza ekuhambiseni iprobe kwi-axes ze-X, Y, kunye ne-Z, oomatshini abaninzi bakwavumela i-engile yeprobe ukuba ilawulwe ukuvumela ukulinganiswa kwemiphezulu ebingenakufikeleleka ngenye indlela.

I-3D “bridge” CMM eqhelekileyo ivumela intshukumo yeprobe kwii-axes ezintathu, u-X, u-Y kunye no-Z, ezihambelanayo kwinkqubo ye-Cartesian coordinate enemilinganiselo emithathu. I-axis nganye ine-sensor ejonga indawo yeprobe kuloo axis, ngokuqhelekileyo ngobuchule be-micrometer. Xa i-probe idibana (okanye ngenye indlela ibona) indawo ethile kwinto, umatshini uvavanya ii-sensors ezintathu zendawo, ngaloo ndlela ulinganisa indawo yenqaku elinye kumphezulu wento, kunye ne-vector enemilinganiselo emithathu yomlinganiselo othathiweyo. Le nkqubo iphindaphindwa njengoko kuyimfuneko, ishukumisa i-probe ngalo lonke ixesha, ukuvelisa “ilifu lenqaku” elichaza iindawo zomphezulu ezinomdla.

Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwee-CMMs kukwiinkqubo zokuvelisa nokuhlanganisa ukuvavanya inxalenye okanye indibano ngokuchasene nenjongo yoyilo. Kwizicelo ezinjalo, amafu eenqaku aveliswa ahlalutywa nge-regression algorithms yokwakha iimpawu. La manqaku aqokelelwa ngokusebenzisa i-probe ebekwe ngesandla ngumsebenzisi okanye ngokuzenzekelayo nge-Direct Computer Control (DCC). Ii-DCC CMMs zinokucwangciswa ukuba zilinganise ngokuphindaphindiweyo iindawo ezifanayo; ngoko ke i-CMM ezenzekelayo luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwerobhothi yemizi-mveliso.

Iinxalenye

Oomatshini bokulinganisa izinto ezihambelanayo baquka izinto ezintathu eziphambili:

• Isakhiwo esiphambili esiquka ii-axis ezintathu zokuhamba. Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ukwakha isakhelo esishukumayo ziye zahluka ngokuhamba kweminyaka. I-granite kunye nentsimbi zazisetyenziswa kwi-CMM yokuqala. Namhlanje bonke abavelisi abakhulu be-CMM bakha iifreyimu nge-aluminium alloy okanye ezinye izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye basebenzisa i-ceramic ukwandisa ukuqina kwe-axis ye-Z kwizicelo zokuskena. Bambalwa abakhi be-CMM namhlanje abasavelisa isakhelo se-granite CMM ngenxa yemfuno yemarike yokuphucula i-metrology dynamics kunye nokwanda kwemkhwa wokufaka i-CMM ngaphandle kwelebhu yomgangatho. Ngokwesiqhelo kuphela abakhi be-CMM abaphantsi kunye nabavelisi basekhaya eTshayina naseIndiya abasavelisa i-granite CMM ngenxa yendlela ephantsi yetekhnoloji kunye nokungena okulula ukuba ube ngumakhi wesakhelo se-CMM. Umkhwa okhulayo wokuskena uphinda ufune ukuba i-axis ye-CMM Z ibe lukhuni kwaye kuye kwaziswa izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-ceramic kunye ne-silicon carbide.
• Inkqubo yokuphanda
• Inkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye nokunciphisa idatha — idla ngokuquka umlawuli womatshini, ikhompyutha yedesktop kunye nesoftware yesicelo.

Ukufumaneka

Ezi matshini zinokuba zezodwa, ziphathwa ngesandla kwaye ziphatheka lula.

Ukuchaneka

Ukuchaneka koomatshini bokulinganisa i-coordinate kudla ngokunikezelwa njengento engaqinisekiyo njengomsebenzi omalunga nomgama. Kwi-CMM esebenzisa i-touch probe, oku kunxulumene nokuphindaphindeka kwe-probe kunye nokuchaneka kwezikali ezithe ngqo. Ukuphindaphindeka kwe-probe okuqhelekileyo kunokubangela ukulinganiswa ngaphakathi kwe-.001mm okanye i-.00005 intshi (isiqingatha seshumi) phezu komthamo wonke wokulinganisa. Kwiimashini ze-3, 3+2, kunye ne-5 axis, ii-probe zihlala zilinganiswa kusetyenziswa imigangatho elandelekayo kwaye intshukumo yomatshini iqinisekiswa kusetyenziswa ii-gauges ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.

Iindawo ezithile

Umzimba womatshini

I-CMM yokuqala yaphuhliswa yiFerranti Company yaseScotland ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ngenxa yesidingo esithe ngqo sokulinganisa izinto ezichanekileyo kwiimveliso zabo zomkhosi, nangona lo matshini wawunee-axes ezimbini kuphela. Iimodeli zokuqala ze-3-axis zaqala ukubonakala ngeminyaka yoo-1960 (i-DEA yase-Itali) kwaye ulawulo lwekhompyutha lwaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kodwa i-CMM yokuqala esebenzayo yaphuhliswa yaza yathengiswa yiBrowne & Sharpe eMelbourne, eNgilane. (ILeitz Germany kamva yavelisa isakhiwo somatshini esisisigxina esinetafile ehambayo.

Kwiimashini zanamhlanje, isakhiwo esingaphezulu sohlobo lwe-gantry sinemilenze emibini kwaye sidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yibhulorho. Oku kuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ecaleni kwetafile yegranite ngomlenze omnye (odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumlenze wangaphakathi) kulandela umzila wesikhokelo oqhotyoshelwe kwelinye icala letafile yegranite. Umlenze ochaseneyo (odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumlenze wangaphandle) uphumla nje kwitafile yegranite kulandela umda womphezulu othe nkqo. Iibheringi zomoya yindlela ekhethiweyo yokuqinisekisa ukuhamba okungenazingxabano. Kwezi, umoya ocinezelweyo unyanzelwa ukuba udlule kuthotho lwemingxunya emincinci kakhulu kumphezulu othe tyaba ukuze kubonelelwe ngomqamelo womoya ogudileyo kodwa olawulwayo apho i-CMM inokuhamba khona ngendlela ephantse ingabi nazingxabano onokuhlawulelwa ngesoftware. Ukuhamba kwebhulorho okanye i-gantry ecaleni kwetafile yegranite kwenza i-axis enye yeplane ye-XY. Ibhulorho ye-gantry inenqwelo edlula phakathi kwemilenze yangaphakathi neyangaphandle kwaye yenze enye i-axis ethe tye ye-X okanye ye-Y. I-axis yesithathu yokuhamba (i-axis ye-Z) ibonelelwa ngokongezwa kwe-quill ethe tye okanye i-spindle ehamba phezulu nasezantsi embindini wenqwelo. I-touch probe yenza isixhobo sokuva esiphelweni se-quill. Intshukumo yee-axis ze-X, Y kunye ne-Z ichaza ngokupheleleyo i-envelope yokulinganisa. Iitafile ezijikelezayo ezikhethiweyo zingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukufikeleleka kweprobe yokulinganisa kwiindawo zokusebenza ezintsonkothileyo. Itafile ejikelezayo njenge-axis ye-drive yesine ayiphuculi ubukhulu bokulinganisa, obuhlala buyi-3D, kodwa inika inqanaba lokuguquguquka. Ezinye ii-touch probes ngokwazo zizixhobo ezijikelezayo ezisebenza nge-probe kunye ne-probe tip ekwaziyo ukujika ngokuthe nkqo ngaphaya kwe-180 degrees kunye nokujikeleza okupheleleyo kwe-360 degrees.

IiCMM ngoku ziyafumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka iingalo zeCMM ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo we-angular othathwe kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo zengalo ukuze kubalwe indawo yencam yestylus, kwaye zinokufakelwa iiprobes zokuskena nge-laser kunye ne-optical imaging. Iingalo ezinjalo iiCMM zihlala zisetyenziswa apho ukuphatheka kwazo kuyinzuzo ngaphezu kweeCMM zendabuko ezizinzileyo- ngokugcina iindawo ezilinganisiweyo, isoftware yokucwangcisa ikwavumela ukuhambisa ingalo yokulinganisa ngokwayo, kunye nomthamo wayo wokulinganisa, ujikeleze inxalenye ekufuneka ilinganiswe ngexesha lokulinganisa. Ngenxa yokuba iingalo zeCMM zixelisa ukuguquguquka kwengalo yomntu, zihlala zikwazi ukufikelela ngaphakathi kwiindawo ezinzima ezingenakuhlolwa kusetyenziswa umatshini oqhelekileyo we-three axis.

Iprobe yoomatshini

Kwimihla yokuqala yokulinganisa i-coordinate (CMM), ii-mechanical probes zazifakwa kwisibambi esikhethekileyo esiphelweni se-quill. I-probe eqhelekileyo kakhulu yenziwa ngokufaka ibhola enzima esiphelweni se-shaft. Oku kwakufanelekile ukulinganisa uluhlu olupheleleyo lobuso obuthe tyaba, obuyi-cylindrical okanye obuyi-spherical. Ezinye ii-probes zazigaywa kwiimilo ezithile, umzekelo i-quadrant, ukuze kube lula ukulinganisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Ezi probes zazibanjwe ngokwasemzimbeni ngokuchasene nomsebenzi kunye nendawo kwindawo efundwayo kwi-3-axis digital readout (DRO) okanye, kwiinkqubo eziphambili ngakumbi, zingeniswa kwikhompyutha ngokusebenzisa i-footswitch okanye isixhobo esifanayo. Ukulinganisa okuthathwa yile ndlela yokunxibelelana kwakusoloko kungathembeki njengoko oomatshini babeshukunyiswa ngesandla kwaye umqhubi ngamnye womatshini wayesebenzisa ubungakanani obahlukeneyo boxinzelelo kwi-probe okanye wamkela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa.

Uphuhliso olongezelelekileyo yayikukongezwa kweemoto zokuqhuba i-axis nganye. Abaqhubi babengasafuneki ukuba bachukumise umatshini ngokwasemzimbeni kodwa babenokuqhuba i-axis nganye besebenzisa ibhokisi yesandla ene-joysticks ngendlela efanayo naleyo yenziwa ziimoto zanamhlanje ezilawulwa kude. Ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kunye nokuchaneka kwaphucuka kakhulu ngokuveliswa kweprobe ye-touch trigger ye-elektroniki. Uvulindlela wale sixhobo sitsha seprobe yayinguDavid McMurtry owathi kamva waseka into ngoku eyiRenishaw plc. Nangona yayisesisixhobo soqhagamshelwano, iprobe yayine-stylus yentsimbi efakwe i-spring (kamva yaba yi-ruby ball). Njengoko iprobe yayichukumisa umphezulu wecandelo, i-stylus yaphambuka yaza ngaxeshanye yathumela ulwazi lwe-X,Y,Z kwikhompyutha. Iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezibangelwe ngabaqhubi ngabanye zaba mbalwa kwaye inqanaba lamiselwa ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi ye-CNC kunye nokukhula kwe-CMMs.

Iiprobe ze-optical ziinkqubo ze-lens-CCD, ezishukunyiswa njengezo zoomatshini, kwaye zijoliswe kwindawo enomdla, endaweni yokuchukumisa izinto. Umfanekiso othathweyo womphezulu uya kufakwa kwimida yefestile yokulinganisa, de intsalela yanele ukuthelekisa phakathi kweendawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe. I-curve yokwahlulahlula ingabalwa ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, eliyindawo yokulinganisa efunekayo kwindawo. Ulwazi oluthe tye kwi-CCD yi-2D (XY) kwaye indawo ethe nkqo yindawo yenkqubo epheleleyo yokuphonononga kwi-stand Z-drive (okanye enye inxalenye yesixhobo).

Iinkqubo zokuhlola iiprobe

Kukho iimodeli ezintsha ezineeprobe ezirhuqa umphezulu wenxalenye zithatha amanqaku ngamaxesha athile, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-scanning probes. Le ndlela yokuhlola i-CMM idla ngokuchaneka ngakumbi kunendlela yesiqhelo ye-touch-probe kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ikhawuleza.

Isizukulwana esilandelayo sokuskena, esaziwa ngokuba yi-noncontact scanning, equka i-high speed laser single point triangulation, i-laser line scanning, kunye ne-white light scanning, ihambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Le ndlela isebenzisa i-laser beams okanye ukukhanya okumhlophe okubonakala kumphezulu wenxalenye. Amawaka amaninzi amanqaku anokuthathwa aze asetyenziswe kungekuphela nje ukujonga ubungakanani kunye nendawo, kodwa nokudala umfanekiso we-3D wenxalenye. Le "datha ye-point-cloud" ingadluliselwa kwisoftware ye-CAD ukwenza imodeli ye-3D esebenzayo yenxalenye. Ezi scanners ze-optical zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezithambileyo okanye ezibuthathaka okanye ukwenza lula ubunjineli obubuyela umva.

Iiprobe zeMicrometrology

Iinkqubo zokuphanda izicelo ze-microscale metrology yenye indawo evelayo. Kukho oomatshini bokulinganisa abahlukeneyo abathengiswayo (CMM) abaninzi abane-microprobe edityanisiweyo kwinkqubo, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezikhethekileyo kwiilabhoratri zikarhulumente, kunye naliphi na inani lamaqonga e-metrology akhiwe eyunivesithi e-microscale metrology. Nangona aba matshini belungile kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi amaqonga e-metrology abalaseleyo anee-nanometric scales, umda wabo oyintloko yi-micro/nano probe ethembekileyo, eqinileyo, nekwaziyo.^{[isicatshulwa siyafuneka]}Imingeni yetekhnoloji yokukhangela ngemicroscale ibandakanya imfuneko yeprobe enomlinganiselo ophezulu enika amandla okufikelela kwiimpawu ezinzulu nezimxinwa ezinamandla aphantsi oqhagamshelwano ukuze ingonakalisi umphezulu kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu (inqanaba le-nanometer).^{[isicatshulwa siyafuneka]}Ukongeza, ii-probes ze-microscale zichaphazeleka kakhulu kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo ezifana nokufuma kunye nokusebenzisana komphezulu okufana nokunamathela (okubangelwa kukunamathela, i-meniscus, kunye/okanye amandla e-Van der Waals phakathi kwezinye).^{[isicatshulwa siyafuneka]}

Iitekhnoloji zokufezekisa uhlalutyo lwe-microscale ziquka inguqulelo esezantsi ye-CMM probes zakudala, ii-optical probes, kunye ne-standing wave probe phakathi kwezinye. Nangona kunjalo, iitekhnoloji zangoku ze-optical azinakulinganiswa zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukulinganisa uphawu olunzulu noluncinci, kwaye isisombululo se-optical sinqunyelwe bubude bokukhanya. I-X-ray imaging inika umfanekiso wesici kodwa akukho lwazi lwe-metrology olulandelekayo.

Imigaqo yendalo

Iiprobe ze-optical kunye/okanye iiprobe ze-laser zingasetyenziswa (ukuba kunokwenzeka xa zidibene), ezitshintsha ii-CMM zibe zii-microscopes zokulinganisa okanye oomatshini bokulinganisa abanee-multi-sensor. Iinkqubo ze-Fringe projection, iinkqubo ze-theodolite triangulation okanye iinkqubo ze-laser distant kunye ne-triangulation azibizwa ngokuba zii-measure machines, kodwa isiphumo sokulinganisa siyafana: indawo yesithuba. Iiprobe ze-laser zisetyenziselwa ukubona umgama phakathi komphezulu kunye nendawo yokubhekisa ekupheleni kwe-kinematic chain (oko kukuthi: ukuphela kwe-Z-drive component). Oku kunokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-interferometrical, i-focus variation, i-light deflection okanye umgaqo we-beam shadowing.

Oomatshini bokulinganisa ii-coordinate eziphathekayo

Ngelixa ii-CMM zemveli zisebenzisa i-probe ehamba kwii-axes ezintathu zeCartesian ukulinganisa iimpawu zomzimba zento, ii-CMM eziphathwayo zisebenzisa iingalo ezidibeneyo okanye, kwimeko yee-CMM ezibonakalayo, iinkqubo zokuskena ezingenangalo ezisebenzisa iindlela ze-optical triangulation kwaye zivumela inkululeko epheleleyo yokuhambahamba kuyo yonke into.

Ii-CMM eziphathekayo ezineengalo ezidityanisiweyo zinee-axes ezintandathu okanye ezisixhenxe ezixhotyiswe ngee-encoders ezijikelezayo, endaweni yee-axes ezithe ngqo. Iingalo eziphathekayo zilula (ngesiqhelo zingaphantsi kweekhilogram ezingama-20) kwaye zinokuthwalwa kwaye zisetyenziswe phantse naphi na. Nangona kunjalo, ii-CMM ezibonakalayo ziyasetyenziswa ngakumbi kushishino. Zenzelwe iikhamera ezithe ngqo okanye ezithe ngqo (njengeMicrosoft Kinect), ii-CMM ezibonakalayo zincinci kunee-CMM eziphathekayo ezineengalo, azinazo iintambo, kwaye zenza abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuthatha ngokulula umlinganiselo we-3D wazo zonke iintlobo zezinto ezifumaneka phantse naphi na.

Ezinye izicelo ezingaphindaphindwayo ezifana nobunjineli obubuyela umva, i-prototyping ekhawulezayo, kunye nokuhlolwa okukhulu kwamalungu azo zonke iisayizi zifanelekile kwii-CMM eziphathwayo. Iingenelo zee-CMM eziphathwayo zininzi. Abasebenzisi banokuguquguquka ekuthatheni imilinganiselo ye-3D yazo zonke iintlobo zeendawo nakwiindawo ezikude/ezinzima. Kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwaye azidingi ndawo ilawulwayo ukuze zithathe imilinganiselo echanekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ii-CMM eziphathwayo zidla ngokubiza kancinci kunee-CMM zemveli.

Iingxaki ezisisiseko zee-CMM eziphathwayo kukusebenza ngesandla (zisoloko zifuna umntu ukuba azisebenzise). Ukongeza, ukuchaneka kwazo ngokubanzi kunokuba kungabi nachaneko kangako kunoko kwe-bridge type CMM kwaye akufanelekanga kwezinye izicelo.

Oomatshini bokulinganisa ii-multisensor

Iteknoloji yesiqhelo yeCMM esebenzisa ii-touch probes namhlanje idla ngokudityaniswa nezinye iteknoloji zokulinganisa. Oku kuquka ii-laser, ii-video okanye ii-white light sensors ukubonelela ngento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-multisensor measurement.